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Index
The note `(biog)' in an entry refers to inclusion in the biographical appendix; the pages in bold indicate extended passages.
Abbadie, Jacques 711 (biog.)
Abraham, 355
absolutism, 41,45,62,115,116,117,126,140,153–4,155,163,164,169,176,246,384,386,433,436,437,482,513–14,523–4
see also despotism; monarchy
Achenwall, Gottfried 267,276,536,711 (biog.)
Acherley, Roger 317,335,711 (biog.)
Act of Settlement (1701), 320,613
Act of Toleration (1689), 94,95,320
Act of Union (1707), 55,444
Act of Union (1800), 55
Adams, Abigail 712 (biog.)
Adams, John 343,346,603,635,712 (biog.)
Adams, Samuel 613,712 (biog.)
Addison, Joseph 66,68,69,70,106,405,712 (biog.)
agrarian policy, 385,480,486,488–92,575,684
agriculture, 384,385,419,420,421,422,423–4,425,426,427–8,429–30,431,432,435,436,437,439,440,441,442,448,455–6,467,468,474,544,604
Aguesseau, Henri François d’, 180
Alberti, Valentin, 261
Alembert, Jean Baptiste le Rond d’ 11,15,89,109,173,174,175,176,178,179,186,189–90,243,500,503,507,586–7,693,701,712–13 (biog.)
Alfieri, Vittorio 713 (biog.)
Alfred, king of England, 71,73,209
Allegiance controversy of, 1689–91 43–5
Almain, Jacques, 113
Almond, John, 664
American colonies, 107,141,255,459
American Declaration of Independence, 348,613
American Revolution, 60,61,140,271,330,487,522,580,587,592,601–25,632,660,664,688,690
Amo, Anton Wilhelm 713 (biog.)
Amthor, C. H. (Sincerus), 531
anatomy/physiology, 233–4,235,237,244,708
Anne of Austria, 23
Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, 148,152
anthropology 232–8
Antraigues, Comte Emmanuel d’, 119
Aotourou, 168
Appolis, Emile, 121,124
Aquinas, Thomas/Thomism, 126,252,253,261,269,296,349
Arbuthnot, John 238,713 (biog.)
Archinto, Alberico, 122
Arendt, Hannah, 690
Argenson, René Louis de Voyer, Marquis d’ 416,713 (biog.)
Argis, Boucher d’, 193
aristocracy, 31,32,68,154,155,275,318,319,331,337,338,576,578,584,586,603
Aristotle, 28,51,68,69,117,120,223,253,255,275,276,292,295,296,297,349,369,512,530,531,534,576,584
Arminianism, 92,141
Arnall, William, 75,77
Arnauld, Antoine, 112
Arnold, Gottfried, 101,134
Arnoux, Abbé, 487
arts, 164,165,176,203,207,209,211,212,243,384,392,415,475–80,579
Ascham, Anthony, 44
Astell, Mary 62–4,68,713–14 (biog.)
Astley, Thomas, 149
Atkyns, Robert, 321,335
Atterbury, Francis 51,714 (biog.)
Atwood, William 48,56,59,714 (biog.)
Aubert de Versé, Noël, 92
Augustine, St, 71,77,95,102,105,111,120,133,134,349,368,374
Augustus, Emperor, 69,203,415,483
Austin, John, 42
Austria, 94,107,119,129–31,256
Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus) 465–71,489,491,714 (biog.)
Backus, Isaac 714–15 (biog.)
Bacon, Sir Francis, 20,174,176,189,203,222,230,231,501
Badaloni, Nicola, 219
Bagehot, Walter, 78
Baker, Keith Michael, 429,699
Balfour, James, 291
Baltimore, Lord, 612
Baluze, Etienne, 12
Banbury, Charles, 567
Bandini, Sallustio, 439
Bangorian controversy, 52
Barbeyrac, Jean de 93,140,219,220,254–5,258,267,278,361–2,715 (biog.)
Barclay, John, 159,161
Barère de Vieuzac, Bertrand, 654
Barker, Jane 715 (biog.)
Barlow, Joel 681,715 (biog.)
Barnard, F. M., 220,246
Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie 640–1,715 (biog.)
Baron, Richard, 54
Barrington, John Shute, First Viscount 48,53,716 (biog.)
Barruel, Abbé Augustin, 119,126,480
Barthez, Paul Joseph, 705
Basnage, Henri, 92
Basnage (de Beauval), Jacques 81,92,716 (biog.)
Batoni, Pompeo, 515
Baudeau, Abbé Nicolas 426,429,434,436,716 (biog.)
Bayle, Pierre 170,175,206,399,500,716 (biog.)
and church-state relations, 105
and Condillac, 88
and Descartes, 206
dictionary of, 174
and Diderot, 190
and Encyclopédie, 181
and Leibniz, 196
and Mandeville, 391
on religion, 80,85,86,87,88,92,93,95,98,103,104,254
and scepticism, 79,88,254
and science, 206
as subversive, 181
and theodicy, 195
and Voltaire, 108,206
Beattie, James, 294
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de 504,716–17 (biog.)
Beausobre, Isaac de, 101
Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marchese de 219,439,503,508,516–17,520,522,551–7,557,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,569,571,717 (biog.)
Becher, Johann Joachim 527–8,531,537, 717 (biog.)
Beckford, William, 74
Beckmann, Johann, 536
Bell, Andrew, 183
Bembo, Pietro, 120
Benedict XIV, Pope, 97,120,122,124
Bengel, Johann Albrecht, 133
Bentham, Jeremy 279,357–8,374,375,522,551,557–63,565–6,567,568,569–70,571–2,702,703,717 (biog.)
Berch, Anders, 535
Berington, Joseph 717–18 (biog.)
Berkeley, George 46,401–3,718 (biog.)
Berlin, Isaiah, 243,588
Bernard, Jacques, 92
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri 479,516,718 (biog.)
Berruyer, Issac, 117
Bertieri, Giuseppi, 129
Bertin, Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste, 420
Bible, 80,82,84,85,95,109,112,120,133,141,208,223–4,225,226,296,354,355,367,414
Bichat, Marie François Xavier, 705,708
Bielfeld, Jakob Friedrich vom, 508
Bignon, Louis-Claude du, 177
Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas 652–3,654,718 (biog.)
Bill of Rights (1689), 320,612,613
Bizon, Abbé Augustin Clément de, 122,123,124,128,130
Blackburne, Francis 718–19 (biog.)
Blackhall, Offspring, 62
Blackstone, Sir William 53,318,319–20,321–3,334,335–7,341,342,343,345–6,357,564,567,570,572,612,620,719 (biog.)
Blake, William, 662,687
Bland, Richard 719 (biog.)
Blount, Charles, 85
Bodin, Jean, 10,42,45,81,159,161,689,690
Boehme, Jakob, 134
Boëthius, Daniel, 279
Bohun, Edmund, 45
Boisguilbert, Pierre Le Pesant, Sieur de 415,422,439,719 (biog.)
Bolgeni, Gianvincenzo, 126
Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount 41,49,64,72–4,75,77,196,197,198,319,320,323,326–7,611,612,719–20 (biog.)
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, vicomte de 119,700,720 (biog.)
Bonnet, Charles, 222,234,235
Bonneville, Nicolas, 474
Bonola, Rocco, 126,128
books/publication, 174,176,180,181,185,187
see also Encyclopédie
Bordeu, Théophile de, 705
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne 10,17,93,117,148,204,207,223,228,354–5,358,513,720 (biog.)
Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, 122
Boucher, Jonathan 720 (biog.)
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 149,168
Boulainvilliers, Henri, comte de 13,34,35,115,578,721 (biog.)
Bourgogne, duc de, 10
Bowring, John, 570
Brenellerie, Paul Philippe Gudin de la, 697
Briasson, Claude, 182
Brienne, Lomémie de, 118,438
Brissot (de Warville), Jacques Pierre 79,89,90,91–2,490,645,721 (biog.)
Brizard, Gabriel François, 479
Brooke, Henry 71,721 (biog.)
Brosse, Charles du, 243
Brothers, Richard, 662
Brown, John 66,721 (biog.)
Brucker, Johann Jakob 101,175,192,194,370,721–2 (biog.)
Brunner, Otto, 530
Bryson, Gladys, 706
Buchanan, David, 443
Buchanan, George, 43
Buckingham, duke of, 71
Budde, Johann Franz, 268
Buffier, Claude, 190
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de 182,187,220,222,225–6,235,244,698, 722 (biog.)
Bulkley, John, 48
Bunyan, John, 663
Burdin, Jean, 705
Burgh, James 49,73,324,330,663,664,666,667,722 (biog.)
Burke, Edmund 61,108,126,142,217,326,463,592,608,662,663,666,669,722 (biog.)
on common law, 344–5
on constitution, 330,675–6
on contract, 348,374,674
on family, 676,679
on French Revolution 217,673–83
and Gibbon, 217
and Godwin, 682
and Hobbes, 675,678
and Hume, 675,677
on institutions, 675
and Locke, 374
and Montesquieu, 18
and Paine, 676,679
and Priestley, 671
on reason, 675,678,681
on rights, 672,674,675,678
and Wollstonecraft, 679
Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques 220,254,255,258,278,359,360–1,723 (biog.)
Burnet, Gilbert 57,723 (biog.)
Burnet, Thomas, 225
Butel-Dumont, Georges Marie, 379
Caballero, José Antonio, 127,129
Cabanis, Pierre Jean 694,699,708,723 (biog.)
Calamy, Edmund 53,723 (biog.)
Calas, Jean, 93,96
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 438
Calvin, John, 132
Calvinism, 43,54,92,96,98,112,137,140,141,253,255,400,668
Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis de, 694
cameralism 119,138,513,525–46
Campanella, Tommaso, 222
Campbell, John, 149
Camper, Pieter, 235,244
Campomanes, Pedro Rodríguez, conde de 127,440,723–4 (biog.)
Cantillon, Richard 423,426,724 (biog.)
Capua, Lionardo da, 219
Carlos III, 119,123,127,507
Carlos IV, 127,128
Carmichael, Gershom 48,254,291,292,297–9,300,301,302,308,724 (biog.)
Caroline, queen of England, 504
Carte, Thomas, 73,305
Cartwright, ‘Major’ John 330,341,666,724 (biog.)
Carvalho e Melho, Sebastian, 122
Cary, John, 56
Casaux, Charles, Marquis de (Alexandre Cazaud) 490,724–5 (biog.)
Cassander, Georg, 101
Cassirer, Ernst, 2,189
Catherine II (‘The Great’), Empress of Russia 107,426,504,507–9,515,517,518,520,580,581,725 (biog.)
Catholic Enlightenment, 120–2,125,127
Cato, 69,482
Cavour, Camillo di, 126
Chalut, Abbé, 487
Chamberlayne, Edward, 60
Chambers, Ephraim, 175,180,183
Chapelier, Isaac René Guy le, 644–5,648
Charlemagne, 38–9,486,708
Charlemont, Lord, 665
Charles I, king of England, 44,661
Charles Stuart, the Young Pretender, 46,73
Charrière, Isabelle de (Belle Van Zuylen) 725 (biog.)
Chastellux, François Jean, marquis de 725 (biog.)
Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de 700,725 (biog.)
Châtelet, Madame du, 196
Chaumette, Nicolas, 465,654
Chaupy, Abbé Bertrand Capmartin de, 117
Choiseul, duc de, 123
Chomel, Noël, 176
Christian VII, king of Denmark, 507
Christianity, 16,49,64,82–5,98,99,100,108,110–43,159,177,195,204,215–17,223–4,234,245,251,307,348,387,588,678
and French revolutionary discourse, 654,655
Gibbon on, 210,213,214,215–17
and scepticism, 82–5,86–7,108–9
and toleration, 100–2,103,108
in Voltaire, 159,208
church, 49,52,54,105,677
Churchill, Awnsham, 149
Churchill, John, 149
Church of England/Anglicanism, 50–4,63,141–2,253,661–2,668
Cicero, 69,72,234,349,405,472
citizen/citizenship, 67–9,97,190,273,287,288,372,574,591,638–9,640,648,690
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 114,119,125,128,130,639
civilisation, 109,164,167,190,202,205,207,209,215,217,227,229,231,234,236,238,245
civil society, 29,156,193,229,236,240,274,280,281,304
Clarke, Samuel, 252,277
Clavière, Etienne 490,725–6 (biog.)
Cleghorn, William, 294
Clement XI, Pope, 111
Clement XIII, Pope, 122,123
Clement XIV, Pope, 124
Clerc, Jean Le, 195
Clerk, Sir John, 59
Clodius, 71
Cloots, Jean Baptiste Du Val-de-Grace (Anacharsis), Baron 726 (biog.)
Cocceji, Heinrich von 257,308,726 (biog.)
Cocceji, Samuel von 308,726 (biog.)
Cocks, Sir Richard, 69
Codignola, Ernesto, 126
Coke, Sir Edward, 45,675
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 159,382,384,404,414,415,418,422,436,455
Coler, Johannes, 530
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 686
Collins, Anthony 81,726 (biog.)
commerce, 14,55,106,172,430,457–64,660,665
in Burke, 677
in Diderot, 201
and Encyclopédie, 176,194
in Fénelon, 384,385
Fletcher on, 58
and French Revolution, 639,640,641
in Gibbon, 211
in Godwin, 683
and grain trade, 420,421,425,426,427,435,436
in Herder, 169
in Hume, 164,165
in Kames, 305
in Melon, 410,411
in Montesquieu, 13,31–2,155,158,407,408
in Paine, 685
and physiocracy, 427,429,441
and publication, 172–5,180,181,182,185,187
after Revolution of, 1688 66
in Smith, 148,170,308,313,447,455
in Voltaire, 21,159
see also economy; international system; mercantile system
Committee of Public Safety, 652,653–4,709
comparative method 147–51,238
Comte, Auguste, 203,709
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 88,141,220,221,236,237,241,243,693,696,701,705,726 (biog.)
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de 79,90–2,109,202,429,436,437,456,466,468,641,648–9,688,691,692,693,694,699,703,708,727 (biog.)
Congress of Vienna, 247
Conring, Hermann, 256
consent, 190,347,348,349,350–3,356,357,362,364,365,367,368,372,373,374,591,602,607,608,617,671,672,673
Constant, Benjamin, 30,579
Constantine, Emperor, 213–14,216
constitution, 115–16,129,151–9,271,514,515,584,589,590,594,626–7,630,631–2,637,675–6,688
see also government(s)
constitution, English, 19–21,40,41,70,73,74,76,77,78,156,317–46,577,580,601–7,610–11,612,623,635,662,664
ancient, 47,49,70,75,661,667
as balanced, 76,324–31,332,336,337–9,515,603,665
checks in, 318,332,333,336
and common law, 341,342,346
as mixed 318–20,324,331,336,603, 665
constitution, United States, 74,105,602,610–20,624
contract, 47,49,53,56,190,229,255,270,272,273,274,275,276,278,286,287,288,298,301,308,319,347–75,478,554,574,593,594,595,597,602,603,627,639,672–3,674,688,698
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, see Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 223
Corneille, Thomas, 176
Cornwallis, Lord, 440
Corsini, Neri Maria, Cardinal, 122
Costa, Uriel da, 86
Coste, Pierre, 88
Council of Constance, 111
Counter-Enlightenment 218–22,243
Counter-Reformation, 80
Country platform, 64–70,71,72,74,327,330,605,664
Court, Antoine, 96
Coxe, Tench 727 (biog.)
Craig, John, 686
Crèvecoeur, Michel Guillaume Jean de 727 (biog.)
Croce, Benedetto, 219
Cromartie, earl of, 59
Cromwell, Oliver, 99,163,617
Crusades, 213,217
Cuccagni, Luigi, 125
Cudworth, Ralph, 15,85,86,101,669
Culloden, battle of, 45,54
culture/custom, 152,160,162,170,205,218,221,222,227,229,232,234–5,236,238–47,698–9
see also society
Culverwell, Nathaniel, 253
Cumberland, Richard 233,234,238,241,252,727–8 (biog.)
Cuvier, Baron Georges, 694
Dalrymple, Sir John 311–12,313,728 (biog.)
Damilaville, Etienne, 194
Dann, Jakob Heinrich, 137
Daries, Joachim Georg 277,728 (biog.)
Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, 186,235,244
Daubenton, Pierre, 186
Davenant, Charles 65,488,728 (biog.)
David, Antoine, 182
David, Israelite king, 85,354,355
Davie, George, 706
debt, public, 66,326,458–9,468,482,488,489,490,493,604,605
Declaration of the Liberties of the Gallican Church, 110,111,116,117
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 194,492,632,633–9,656, 690
Declaratory Act of, 1720 56
Defoe, Daniel 40,59,61,66,73,728 (biog.)
Degola, Eustachio, 126
deism, 63,83,85,86–7,195,203,681
see also God; religion
Delolme, Jean Louis 317,336–9,342–3,635,728–9 (biog.)
De Luca, I., 545
democracy, 154,164,274,275,318,319,330,331,337,338,576,578,584,585,586,587,590,603,604,611,617,635,640,642,648,689,690,704
see also representation; republic/republicanism
Democritus, 706
Denina, Carlo, 221
Denne, Samuel, 568
Derathé, Robert, 219
Desaguliers, John, 41
Desbrulous, Jacques Savary, 176
Descartes, René/Cartesianism, 20,173,174,189,195,200,206,219,225,226,230,235,501,506,701,706
Deschamps, Léger Marie 480,729 (biog.)
Desmoulins, Lucie Camille Simplice 656,729 (biog.)
despotism, 24,25,26,28,31,36–7,38,41,115,151,153–4,155,160,163,288,334,432,433,434,436,442,503,511–21,522,523,582,590,591,596,633,635,656,657
see also absolutism; monarchy
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, Comte 692,694,695,696,700,729 (biog.)
Devonshire, duke of, 389
Dicey, Albert, 42
Dickinson, John 43,440,729–30 (biog.)
Diderot, Denis 88,148,179,201,379,427,434–5,479,579–83,693,705,730 (biog.)
and Babeuf, 470
and Brucker, 175,192,194
and Catherine II, 507,515,580,581
and Christianity, 168
on citizen, 190
on colonialism, 167
on commerce, 201
comparison in, 167–9
on corruption, 201
on despotism, 518–20,582
and Encyclopédie, 173,175,176,177,179–80,184,186,187,189,190–3,194,579
and Herder, 170,221,222
and Hobbes, 191,192
on human nature, 168,191,192,201
and Hume, 165
on justice, 190,191
on laws, 168,190,191,192,582
on mind, 201
and Montesquieu, 167
on morality, 168–9,189,192
and Pufendorf, 190–1,192,193
and Ramsay, 179–80
and religion, 109,168–9,579
on representation, 581,582
on resistance, 190
on rights, 190
and Rousseau, 189,192,193,581
on social compact, 190
and Voltaire, 161,207
and Wolff, 277
Diodati, Lorenzo, 185
Diodorus Siculus, 224
Dissent/Dissenters, 51,53,62,94,107,140,141,142,237,660,668–73,682
Dithmar, Justus Christoph 532,533,534–5, 730 (biog.)
Dobbs, Francis 730 (biog.)
Dobruška, Moses (Franz Thomas von Schönfeld; Junius Frey), 479
Dodwell, Henry, 51
Domat, Jean, 471
Doria, Paolo Mattia 730 (biog.)
Drayton, William 731 (biog.)
Dreitzel, H., 538
Drennan, William 731 (biog.)
Dubos, Abbé Jean-Baptiste 12–13,26,34–5,36,238,731 (biog.)
Ducange, Charles, 12
Duchesne, André, 12
Duhamel de Monceau, Henri Louis, 423
Dulaney, Daniel 731 (biog.)
Dumarsais, César Chesneau 731–2 (biog.)
Dumont, Etienne, 691
Duni, Emanuele, 229
Dupac de Bellegarde, 124,130
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel 426,429,436,437,440,732 (biog.)
Durand, Laurent, 182
Durkheim, Emile, 152
Du Tillot, Guglielmo, 511
Dyche, Thomas, 175
Earberry, Matthias, 51
Eaton, Daniel Isaac 686,732 (biog.)
Eberhard Ludwig, duke of Württemberg, 135,137
economy, 58,59,60,68,106,107,155,157,177,236,379,386,393–4,397,398,401,402,403,404,410–12,414,415,417,431,540,543,558,561,583,639,660,677,678,683,684–7,702,703
and cameralism 530–7,544
in Fénelon, 383,385,386
and luxury, 380,381,382
Mandeville on, 387,389,393–4
Montesquieu on, 406,407
in physiocracy, 419–20,421,422,423,424,431
see also cameralism; commerce
Edelman, Johann, 84
Eden, Sir Frederick Morton 732 (biog.)
Eden, William, Lord Auckland 567,571–2,732 (biog.)
Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 92,93,107,140,254,354,501,701
Edict of Toleration (France), 94
education, 200–1,212,368,369,460,461,462,575,582,597,641–3,692,693–4,696,705
see also knowledge
Edward I, king of England, 612
Edward II, king of England, 43
Eglantine, Fabre d’, 655
Eidous, Antoine, 186
Eilschov, Friedrich Christian, 278
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 71
Elliot, Gilbert, 567
empire/colonialism, 47,108,147,159,160,166–7,169,170,459,468,484,638,660,664,665
empiricism, 81,88,90,91,141,162,173,174,280,281,282,283,675
see also reason; science
Encyclopedia Britannica, 150,183–4
Encyclopédie, 93,149,150,166,172–5,221,359–60,379,499–500,502,579,694
Engels, Friedrich, 709
England, 13,14,18,22,31–2,54–7,107–8,142,157,160,164,165,423–4,456,488,501
see also constitution, English; parliament, English
English, George Bethune, 82
Epicurus, 195
equality, 28,56,63,229,272,278,287,288,323,366–7,381,406,426,485,573,575,579,590,592,603,627,641,642,643,650,683,695
Erasmianism, 100,101
Erastianism, 52
Esprit, Jacques, 399
Establishments of St Louis, 34
Estates General, 22,115,116,626–7,628–9,631,636,690
Third Estate, 628,629,631
Eugen, Duke Karl, 135,137,138
Europe, 147–8,165,166,167,168,170,209,212,409
Evans, Caleb, 140,141
executive/executive power, 42,64,65,74,77,288,325,326,329,331,332–3,335,337–8,575,606,617,634,635,637,665
see also monarchy
Eybel, Joseph Valéntin 732–3 (biog.)
Fabricius, J. A., 79
Fare, Etienne de la, 117
Fauchet, François Claude 733 (biog.)
Febronius, see Hontheim, Johann Nikolaus von (Justinius Febronius)/Febronianism
Feder, J. G. H., 267
Feijóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo 127,733 (biog.)
Feller, François Xavier de, 131
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe 10–12,20,38,46,73,93,134,382,388,389,391,392,403,404,405,406,407,413,414,417,474–5,733 (biog.)
Ferdinand, duke of Parma, 123
Ferguson, Adam 148,165,219,221,236,239–40,241,243,246,314,445,446,447,457,459,460,461,462,463,706,733–4 (biog.)
Fernando VII, king of Spain, 128
feudalism, 28,58,158,245,274,275,305,311,313,468,591,632–3,641,677,707
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 247,279,282,592–6,734 (biog.)
Fielding, Henry 41,71,734 (biog.)
Filangieri, Gaetano 439,734 (biog.)
Filleau, Jean, 112,128,131
Filmer, Sir Robert, 42,45,46,72,359,661,670
Finetti, Germano Federigo, 224–5,230
Firmian, Count Leopold, 511
Fischer, Christoph, 530
Fletcher, Andrew 57–9,734 (biog.)
Fleury, Abbé Claude, 385,474
Fleury, Cardinal André Hercule de, 112,117
Flood, Henry 665,735 (biog.)
Follini, Abbate Bartolomeo, 124
Fonseca Pimental, Eleanora 735 (biog.)
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de 178,190,202,205,735 (biog.)
Forbes, Duncan, 706
Forbonnais, François Véron Duverger de 379,425,439,542,544,735 (biog.)
Fordyce, David 294,735–6 (biog.)
Formey, Jean Henri Samuel 277,736 (biog.)
Forster, J. R., 148
Foucault, Michel, 2,692,693,703,706
Fourier, Charles, 203
France, 32,41,54,98,110–19,123,156,160,161,163,164,165,170,334,424,430,486–7,488,603
Francis, Philip, 441
Francis I, 11
Franke, August Hermann 101,132,137,138,268,736 (biog.)
Franklin, Benjamin 91,440,736 (biog.)
Frederick, prince of Wales, 71
Frederick I, king of Prussia, 137,504
Frederick II, king of Prussia 138,170,246,257,415–16,503,504–7,509,513–14,519,522,538,591,736–7 (biog.)
Frederick II, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, 258
Frederick William I, 137,504,506,507,526,533
Frederick William II, 246
freedom, 38,41,46,49,50,51,55,56,57,62–4,67,68,69,75–6,190,194,228,254,255,281,305,353,374,386,430,475–6,565,569–70,594,597,606,612,617,663,669,670,671–2,681,705
in Beccaria, 552,555,556
Blackstone on, 318,321,322,324
Bolingbroke on, 327
and common law, 341,342,344
Delolme on, 339–40
and English constitution, 317–18,324,327,602,603
Fichte on, 247,592–3
and French revolutionary discourse, 639–40,641,645,654
Herder on, 245,246
Hume on, 163–4
in Kant, 247,282–3,285,286,287,288,289,371,591
Montesquieu on, 18–19,25,26,28–9,31,36,38,156,157,158,331,333,334,548–9,550,551,569
in Rousseau, 255,364–5,368–9,576
Smith on, 449
Voltaire on, 21
Wolff on, 269,270,272,276
see also right(s)
French Constituent Assembly, 637,638,639,640
French Constitution of, 1791 640,643,646
French Constitution of, 1795 695
French Directory, 693,696
French Legislative Assembly, 646–7,648,694
French National Assembly, 119,125,468,631–3,636,637,643,648,690,691,696,702
French National Convention, 647,648,649,650,652,654,657,693,694,701
French political clubs, 644,645,646
French Revolution, 60,105,114,125,126,128,138,142,155,188,194,217,246,271,466,522,587,589,591,592,593,596,615,626–47,660,667,673–83,688,690,702,704–5,708
Frey, Junius, see Dobruška, Moses (Franz Thomas von Schönfeld; Junius Frey)
Furetière, Antoine, 176
Furneaux, Philip 737 (biog.)
Fürstenau, C. G., 535
Galiani, Ferdinando 229,379,419,426–7,428,435–6,439,441,442,737 (biog.)
Galileo, 223,226
Gallicanism, 110,111,113,114,116,118,119,120,121,125,126,129,130,131,142
Garat, Dominique-Joseph Gassendi, 691,692,693
Garve, Christian 737 (biog.)
Gassendi, Pierre, 222,360
Gasser, Simon Peter, 531,532–3
Gatterer, Johann Christoph, 148,149
Gaveston, Piers, 71
Gay, John, 71
Gazzaniga, Pietro Maria, 129
Gébelin, Antoine Court de, 232–3,243
Geneva, 583,584–7
Genovesi, Antonio 229,439,737 (biog.)
Gentile, Giovanni, 219
George II, king of England, 73,504
George III, king of England, 73,140,142
Gerdil, Giacinto Sigismondi 737–8 (biog.)
Gergy, Languet de, 117
German Enlightenment, 525,545
Germanus, Moses, 84
Germany/Germanic nations, 35–6,94–5,132–9,220,251–90,502
Gerson, Jean, 113
Gessner, Salomon, 480
Giannone, Pietro 101,221,738 (biog.)
Giarrizzo, Giuseppe, 218
Gibbon, Edward 148,210–17,221,738 (biog.)
Gibson, Edmund, 53
Girard, Gabriel, 175,190
Girondins, 643,647,648–9,650
Gobel, Jean Baptiste, 655
God, 45,142,195,197,203,204,228,234,251,252,261,263,264,265,270,273,296,297–8,299,301,306,307,310,471
Godwin, William 467,566,670,676,681–3,702,738 (biog.)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 139,198,220,244
Goeze, Johann Melchior, 96
Goguet, Antoine Yves 221,225,240,241,738 (biog.)
Goldsmith, Oliver, 198
Gorani, Giuseppe 520,739 (biog.)
Gordon, Thomas 604,739 (biog.)
Cato’s Letters, 49,66,69,326
Gordon Riots of, 1780 108
Gouges, Marie Olympe de 638,739 (biog.)
Gournay, Vincent de 422,739 (biog.)
Goussier, Louis, 186
government(s) 40,47,76–7,163–4,191,207,212,219,274–6,287,289,298–9,301,303,305–6,308,310,340,429,431,433,437,457,458–9,472–3,474,670,671,673
as agency of the people, 622,623,624
balanced powers of 606,623–4
checks and balances in, 332,623,635,648
and constitution, 610–11
and English constitution, 317
and French revolutionary discourse, 631,634,635,648
mixed 318–20,324,331,336,578,584,603,611,623,624
Montesquieu on 13,26,35–6,37,151,152,153–7,202,204,331–7
Rousseau on, 575–7
separate powers of, 74,290,515,548,549,590,591,623,631,633,634,692
and United States Constitution (1787) 616–20
see also constitution; specific forms of government
Gracchus, Tiberius and Caius, 482–4
Grattan, Henry 665,740 (biog.)
Gravina, Gian Vincenzo 219,231,740 (biog.)
Gray, Thomas, 198
Grayson, William, 621
Greece, ancient, 49,57,58,67,76,154,209,227,241,245,362–3,366,367,415,481,575,577,578,585,595,603,640,643,697
Green, T. H., 351,352
Grégoire, Abbé Henri Baptiste 99,105,125, 740 (biog.)
Grimaldi, Francesco Antonio 740 (biog.)
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron von 518,519,520,740 (biog.)
Grolman, Ludwig von, 138
Grotius, Hugo, 45,101,140,220,225,227,257,258,270,271,277,291,292,296,297,300,302,304,308,315,351,480,492
Grove, Henry, 405
Gundling, Nicolaus Hieronymus 267, 741 (biog.)
Gusdorf, Georges, 237
Gustav III, king of Sweden 258,507,741 (biog.)
Guyon, Madame, 134
habeas corpus, 602,612
Habermas, Jürgen, 179
Haën, Anton de, 130
Hakluyt, Richard, 149
Hale, Sir Matthew, 341,675
Haller, Albrecht von, 705
Hamann, Johann Georg 87,139,169,220,741 (biog.)
Hamburg, decree of, 1785 94
Hamilton, Alexander 688,741 (biog.)
Hampden, John, 647
Handel, George Frederick, 71,73
Hanover, House of, 65,72,319–20,330,605
Hanway, Jonas, 568
Hardouin, Jean, 207
Harley, Robert, 40
Harrington, James, 47,50,67,73,76,473,489,490,684
Harris, James, 243
Harris, John, 175
Hartley, David, 660
Hausväterliteratur, 530,534
Haydn, Joseph, 130
Hays, Mary 741 (biog.)
Hazard, Paul, 2
Hazlitt, William, 686
Hedinger, Johann Reinhard, 135
Hegel, G. W. F., 9,13,103,219,348,360,361,372,374,375,690,703
Heiberg, Peter Andreas 741–2 (biog.)
Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb 267,742 (biog.)
Helvétius, Claude Adrien 109,179,200–1,202,470,479,491–2,503,588,701,702,705, 742 (biog.)
Henry III, king of England, 612
Henry IV, king of France, 22,207,209,414, 482
Henry VII, king of England, 75
Henry VIII, king of England, 75
Herder, Johann Gottfried von 148,152,169–70,218,219,220–2,226–7,232,233,234,235,237–8,240–6,503,523,690,742 (biog.)
Hering, Christoph, 530
Herrenschwand, Jean Frédéric 490,742 (biog.)
Hersche, Peter, 130
Hervey, Lord, 75
Heumann, C. A., 267
Heydenreich, Karl Heinrich, 279
Hickes, George, 51
Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von 743 (biog.)
Hippocrates, 238
history 9–18,25,28,30,32,34–9,69,84,152,159,164,201,203–6,206–10,217,221–2,228–9,230,231–8,240–6,267,280,304,305,310,681
Hoadley, Benjamin 47,48,52,75,743 (biog.)
Hobbes, Thomas, 23,24,29,42,45,52,77, 80,83,87,109,191,192,193,220,224,233,234,251,252,253,263,265,271,292, 302,308,347,350,354,355,359,360,361,365,370,374,390,399,405,478,479,480,491,497–8,513,523,524,576,675,678, 689
Hoffman, Leopold, 131
Hogarth, William, 71
Hohberg, Wolf Helmhard von, 530
Holbach, Paul Henri Dietrich, baron d’ 42,81,109,175,184,186,194,202,222,506,705,743 (biog.)
Holberg, Ludwig, 267
Hollis, Thomas 664,743–4 (biog.)
Holy Roman Empire, 256–7,258
Home, Henry, Lord Kames, see Kames, Henry Home, Lord
Homer, 238,383,474
Hontheim, Johann Nikolaus von (Justinius Febronius)/Febronianism 128,131,142, 744 (biog.)
Hooke, Nathaniel 483–4,744 (biog.)
Hooker, Richard, 253,665
Höpfner, L. J. F., 276
Hopkins, Stephen 744 (biog.)
Horace, 72
Horne, George 142,744 (biog.)
Horsley, Samuel 142,744–5 (biog.)
Hotman, François, 12,13
Hourwitz, Zalkind, 82
Howard, John 567–8,745 (biog.)
Huet, Pierre Daniel, 79,80,88
Huguenots, 92,94,96,98–9,137,140,254,354,701
human nature, 77,109,160,177,211,218,227,231–2,232,235–6,238,239,264,270,280,281,292,358,363,371,393–5,471,476,477,478,479,480,492,657,658,673,700,705
in Bayle, 206
in Berkeley, 401–2
in Bonnet 235
in Bossuet, 354
in Buffon 235
in Diderot, 168,192,201
in Fénelon, 387
in Ferguson 239–40,243
in Gibbon, 211
in Helvétius, 200,201
in Herder 169,234,240
in Hobbes, 191,192
in Hume, 156,161–2
in Hutcheson, 301,399–401
in Kames, 306
in Kant, 371
in La Mettrie, 235–6
in Leibniz, 260
in Mandeville, 391,392,393–5
in Montesquieu, 156,211,238,405
in Morelly, 472
in physiocracy, 430
in Pufendorf, 191,260
in Quesnay, 430
in Rousseau, 192,193,363,477,480,574,588
in Shaftesbury, 395–9
in Smith, 193
in Vico 229,240
in Volney, 698
in Voltaire, 159,209,211,417
in Wolff, 270
see also civilisation; culture/custom
Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm von 198,596–7, 745 (biog.)
Hume, David 41,49,77,78,88,89,90,148,150,205,236,238–9,253,282,328–30,361,375,457,490,504,619,660,666,675,677,686,706,745 (biog.)
comparison in, 161–5
on constitution, 319,320,330
on contract, 355–6,357,358,374
on freedom, 163–4
on government, 162,163–4,303,356–7
and Grotius, 302,304
and Herder, 170,221,241
on history, 164
on human nature, 161–2,302
on justice, 164,302,304
and Kames, 306,307
and Kant, 587,588
and Locke, 303,355–6,358
on monarchy, 163
and Montesquieu, 152,155,156,157,161,164,165,205
on natural rights, 292,293,294,302–4
on property, 163,164,302,303
on religion, 84,87,152,155
on scepticism, 79,91,205,302–4
and Smith, 308,309,445,449,457,458,459,460,462,463
on utility, 304,357,358
and Voltaire, 152,161,162,180
Hunton, Philip, 43
Hus, Jan, 97
Hutcheson, Francis 141,253,256,291,292,293,299–302,304,306,308,309,399–401,445,446,706,745–6 (biog.)
Hutchinson, John, 661
Hutchinson, Thomas 746 (biog.)
Ickstatt, Johann Adam von 136,746 (biog.)
Ickstatt, Peter Josef, 136
idéologues, 692,694,695–701,705–6,707,708
individual, 38,201,281,321,364,367,574,668,669,672,675
Inglis, Charles 746 (biog.)
Innocent X, Pope, 110
Institut national des sciences et des arts, 693,694,695,697
Classe des sciences morales et politiques, 694,695,696–7,698,699
international system, 489,490
see also commerce
Iredell, James 615–16,746 (biog.)
Ireland, 50,54–7,95,108,664–5
Irish parliament, 55,56
Iselin, Isaak 241,747 (biog.)
Italy, 119,120–2,123,124,129,438,439
Jacobins, 126,202,645,649–50,692
Jacobites, 42,45–7,54,59,70,72,73,488
see also Stuart, House of
Jacquelot, Isaac, 195
Jäger, Johann Wolfgang, 134
James I, king of England, 46
James II, king of England, 40,43,44,45,46,57,320
Jansen, Cornelius, 111
Jansenism 111–16,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124–31,133–4,136,138,140,141,142,143,471,476,477
Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de 93,184,186,187,193,359–60,579,584,747 (biog.)
Jay, John 688,747 (biog.)
Jebb, John 568,667,747 (biog.)
Jefferson, Thomas 56,91,105,440,487,492,614,620,695,747–8 (biog.)
Jennens, Charles, 73
Jenyns, Soame 666,748 (biog.)
Jews/Judaism, 16,80,81–5,86,99,161,204,207,208,216,228,594,638
John, king of England, 612
Johnson, Samuel 198,748 (biog.)
Jones, Sir William 748 (biog.)
Jones, William, 142
José I, king of Portugal, 122
Joseph II, emperor of Austria 94,95,100,120,126,130,131,137,246,257,433,503,504,507,509–10,515,516,517,521,556, 748–9 (biog.)
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior de 127,128,129,749 (biog.)
judicial power/judiciary, 74,325,332–6,342,606,615–16,617,634,647
Julian the Apostate, 212–13
Julius Caesar, 69,483
Jurieu, Pierre 87,92–3,140,254,354,749 (biog.)
jury, system of, 334,340,342,343,602, 667
Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von 131,152,508,526,536,537–41,543,545,749 (biog.)
justice, 36,164,190,191,192,209,302,304,306–7,308,312,315,371,448,457,461,464,467,493,497,550,552,556,575,626–7,628,631,634
Justinian, 16,103
Kaiser, Gerhard, 139
Kames, Henry Home, Lord 236,244,292,293,294,304–7,310,311–12,313,315,445,446,750 (biog.)
Kant, Immanuel 84,95,103,132,198,199,220,226,233,237,244,246,247,253,257,266,279–90,347,352,364,369–73,503,553,556–7,587–92,594,595,750 (biog.)
Karl Alexander, duke of Württemberg, 135
Karl Eugen, duke of Württemberg, 135,137,138
Kaunitz, Prince, 107
Kentish petition, 61–2
Killiecrankie, battle of, 54
King, William 45,750 (biog.)
Klein, Ernst Ferdinand, 258
knowledge, 174,175,176,177,178,184,185,188,189,200,202,203,231,262,266,269,642
see also education; mind
Knox, William 750 (biog.)
labour, 48,288,385–6,401,430,451–2,460,461,468,478,555,556,566,568,570,591,595,639,643,683
La Bruyere, Jean de, 159
Lacratelle, Pierre Louis, 691,692,693
Lafayette, marquis de, 93,99,690
Lafitau, Joseph François, 150,238,698
Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 227
Lamennais, Hughes Félicité de, 119
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de 235–6,705,751 (biog.)
Lami, Giovanni, 122,124,125
landowners, 421,422,423,429,431,432,433,437–8,462–3,466
see also agrarian policy; property
Lange, Joachim, 133,268
language, 174,176,177,200,231–2,236,242,243,244,262
Lanjuinais, Joseph 503,504,751 (biog.)
La Rochefoucauld, François de, 20,77,380,399
Lauderdale, Lord, 685,686
Launay, Abbé Le Corgne de, 117
Laverdy, Clément Charles François de, 420
Law, John 32,33,177,403,404,406,409,422,488,489,751 (biog.)
Law, William 51,291,296,297,751–2 (biog.)
law(s) 56,160,163,164,168,192,200,201,211,220,229,256–7,259,269,271,273,293,311–12,366,386,387,432,582,594,615,616,633,634,674,675
and Catherine II, 508
common 31,335,340–6
and constitutionalism, 612–16
criminal 547
Diderot on, 581,582
and Holy Roman Empire, 256–7
Kames on, 305–6
Kant on, 283,370–1,372,373
Montesquieu on, 9–10,13,17–18,26–31,32,34–8,151,156–7,158,204,331,557,560,561,562,563,565,566,571
Roman, 17–18,25,34,256,258,259,304,315,341
Rousseau on, 192,193,219,577
Thomasius on, 263–4,265,266,267
see also legislation/legislator; natural law
learned societies, 176,177–9,186
Le Breton, André François, 175,180,182,183,184
Le Clerc, Jean (Joannes Clericus) 752 (biog.)
Lee, Arthur 752 (biog.)
Lee, Richard Henry 752 (biog.)
legislation/legislator, 9,28,29,74,289,322,323,325,326,332–3,335,339,367,368,447,448,449–50,455,456,457–63,484,485,515,575,606–7,613–14,616,617,634,635,636,649,653,664–5
see also parlement(s); parliament, English; representation
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 12,23–4,101,189,195,196,197–8,222,252,253,255,259,260,263,269,280,281,283,360,361,369–70,498,506,587,752 (biog.)
Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre Paul 426,429,434,435,436,517,753 (biog.)
Le Monnier, Louis, 186
Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Nicolas, 151,161
Leopold II, Emperor 119,125,126,127,129,137,246,257,439,507,510,515,520,521,522,556,753 (biog.)
Le Paige, Louis Adrien 93,123,136,753 (biog.)
Lepelletier, Michel, 643
Leslie, Charles 46,47,48,51,61–2,753 (biog.)
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 132,753–4 (biog.)
Le Trosne, Guillaume François 432,434,436,754 (biog.)
Lévesque, Pierre Charles, 697
Lévesque de Pouilly, Louis Jean, 207
Levi, David, 83
Lichtenburg, Georg Christoph, 222
Lilburne, John, 663
Limborch, Philip van, 86
Lindsay, Theophilus, 668
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri, 117,152,467,520–1
Lisbon earthquake, 197,198,199
Livy, 69,213
Locke, John 20,43,45,47–50,52,54,68,75,88,93,142,191,203,236,266,298,315,324,347,350–3,356,359–60,361,385–6,391,593,660,664,705,754 (biog.)
and Encyclopédie, 173–4,189,359
and Hume, 358
influences/relations, 46,52,56,57,61,73,81,105–6,141,201,203,220,221,228,255,284,297,298,303,315,323,351,352,355–6,358,359–60,361,362,369,374,382,385,493,501,591,702
on mind, 228
on natural law, 355–6
on natural rights, 291,292
on religion, 92,93,97,100,102,104,105–6
on senses, 174,200,203
Louis, St, king of France, 11
Louis XIV, king of France, 10,95,96,110,111,112,116,135,153–4,159,209,354,382,403,415,701
Louis XV, king of France, 181,207,519
Louis XVI, king of France, 87,92,118,246,494,503,626,631,637,643,645,646–7
Lower, Richard, 233
Lowth, Robert, 662
Luc, Jean André de, 226
Lucas, Charles 754–5 (biog.)
Lucas, Jean Maximilien, 85
Lucretius, 224,226,228,242,706
Ludewig, Johann Peter von, 267,533
Ludlow, John, 67
Luther, Martin, 132,209
Lutheran Church, 137,138,258
Lutheranism, 103,132,134,135,137,138,253,261,262,268,273
luxury, 11,37,76,77,379–418,422,453–4,478,574
Luzac, Elie 278,755 (biog.)
Lycurgus, 49,68,369
Mably, Abbé Gabriel Bonnot de 433,470,479,481–7,491,492,577–9,627,628,755 (biog.)
Macaulay (Graham), Catherine 73,755 (biog.)
McCulloch, John Ramsay, 443
Macfarquhar, Colin, 183
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 33,67,68,73,77,221,416,481,505,529,656
Mackenzie, Sir George, 381
Mackintosh, Sir James 494,661,680,755 (biog.)
Mackworth, Sir Humphrey 62,325,756 (biog.)
Madan, Michael, 563,564,565,571
Madison, James 56,333,440,492,614,617,618–20,623,624,688,756 (biog.)
Maffei, Francesco Scipione 756 (biog.)
Magna Carta, 75,602,612
Maimbourg, Louis, 214
Maimonides, Moses, 83
Mair (Major), John, 113
Maistre, Joseph Marie, comte de 87,119,700,756 (biog.)
Malcolm III, king of Scotland, 311
Malebranche, Nicolas, 20,189,192,359,360,361,471
Malesherbes, Guillaume Chrétien de Lamoignon de 93,106,179,180–1,757 (biog.)
Mallet, David, 71
Malthus, Thomas 757 (biog.)
Malves, Abbé Gua de, 180
Mamachi, Tommaso Maria, 124,125
Mandeville, Bernard (de) 32,109,382,383,387–95,396,398,399,400,401–2,403,416–17,757 (biog.)
Manley, Mary Delariviere 73,757–8 (biog.)
Mansfield, William Murray, earl of 758 (biog.)
manufacture, 165,384,385,429,431,436,437,447,455,544
Marat, Jean Paul 643,645,646,758 (biog.)
Marcus Aurelius, 499,505
Mare, Paolo Marcello del, 125
Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 119,129,130,503,506,511,516,517
Marius, 483
Markham, William, 662
Marmontel, Jean François 102,509,758 (biog.)
Marsilius of Padua, 52,113
Martini, Karl Anton von, 131,257
Martini, Martin, 223
Marx, Karl, 60,240,444
Mary II, queen of England, 44,320
Mas, Enrico de, 219
materialism, 63,109,201,202,235,588,671,701,706
Matsen, Nicolaus, 107
Maultrot, Gabriel Nicolas 114,115,136,140,758 (biog.)
Maupeou, chancellor, 112,115,136,582,627
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 88, 705
Maxwell, Henry, 55
Mayhew, Jonathan 759 (biog.)
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, 514
Mazzini, Giuseppi, 126
Meiners, Christoph, 235,267
Melon, Jean François 409–12,413,414,415,423,759 (biog.)
Mendelssohn, Moses 276,759 (biog.)
mercantile system, 446–7, 449–52, 453, 455, see also commerce
Mercier, Louis Sébastien 102,480,510, 759 (biog.)
Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre Paul, see Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre Paul
Meslier, Jean 579,759 (biog.)
metaphysics, 204,205,237,253,280,281,283,701
Methodism, 142
Mey, Abbé Claude 114,115,136,140, 760 (biog.)
Michels, Robert, 576
Middleton, Conyers, 69
Migazzi, Cardinal Christoph Anton, 131
military, 67,71,73,76,77,212,327,330,384,385,408,415–16,459–60,482,493,602,660
Mill, James, 184,201,443
Mill, John Stuart, 597,703
Millar, John 236,311,314,445,446,685–6,706,760 (biog.)
Milton, John, 43,47,64,67
mind, 200,201,203,227–32,233,235,236,237–8,270,398
see also knowledge
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, Marquis de 426,432,434,435,439,468,693,760 (biog.)
Mirandola, Pico della, 230,243
Molanus, Gerhard, 101
Molesworth, Robert 56,66,69,70,299, 760 (biog.)
Molyneux, William 55–6,59,664,760–1 (biog.)
Monarchiens, 634,635,636
monarchy, 13,40–1,44,70,73,76,141,163,164,254,275,329–30,331,335,336,337,338,354,381,383,384,386,429,431,432–4,437,498,502,513–14,515,522,523,576,578,581,582,584,586,590,594,617,619,628,676,690
and American Revolution, 603,605,606,611–12
and constitution, 318,319,325–6,333,345,346
corruption of, 327,605,606
and crown-in-parliament, 41–2,50,62,64,319,321,323,664
and divine right of kings, 47,48,141,191,254,320,354
and English constitution, 602–3
executive power of, 325,326,329–30,337–8
Fénelon on, 10–12
French, 110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,176,177,178,181,627,633,635–7
Montesquieu on, 12,26,31,33,35,37,151,153–5,169,405,407,408,522,523
Pufendorf on, 191
and Revolution of, 1688 40–2,320
Spanish, 127–9
Voltaire on, 19
see also absolutism; despotism; executive/executive power; sovereign/ruler; tyranny
Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord 221,243,244,761 (biog.)
Montagnards, 649–50
Montagu, Mary Wortley, 20
Montaigne, Michel de, 20,153,159,161,399
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de 17,74,148,167,202,238,358–9,404,414,417,523,617,618,689,690,706,761 (biog.)
and Anquetil-Duperron, 152
and Aristotle, 28
and Beccaria, 551–2,553,554
and Bentham, 557,560,561,562
and Bolingbroke, 74
and Bossuet, 17,204
and Boulainvilliers, 34,35
and Burke, 18
and Catherine II, 508,515
comparison in 151–9
and Constant, 30
and constitution, 151,155,156,331–7,515,602
and d’Alembert, 15
on despotism, 24,26,28,31,36–7,38,151,153–4,155,160,334
and Diderot, 167
and Dubos, 26,34–5,36
on England, 13,18,31–2,40,157
on freedom, 18–19,25,26,28–9,31,36,38,156,157,158,331,333,334,548–9,550,551,569
and Gibbon, 211,214
and Herder, 152,169–70,221,222,241,242,245
history in 9–12,15–18,19,25,28,30,32,34–9,152,204
and Hobbes, 29,359,405
and Hume, 152,155,156,157,161,164,165,205
on judiciary/power of judging, 332,333–6,337,342
and Justi, 152,538
and Law, 33
on laws, 9–10,13,17–18,26–31,32,34–8,151,156–7,158,204,331,515,548–51,557,560,561,562,563,565,566,571
and Linguet, 152
and Machiavelli, 33
and Malebranche, 359
and Mandeville, 32
and Melon, 409
monarchy in, 12,26,31,33,35,37,151,153–5,169,405,407,408,522,523
and Morelly, 470
religion in, 16,31,152,153,155–6,157,159,204
and Robertson, 205
and Romilly, 565
and Rousseau, 29,37,220
and Saint-Simon, 708
and Scottish theorists, 158
on separation of powers, 74,548,549,576,692
on state, 27
and Tacitus, 70
and Tocqueville, 30
and Voltaire, 9,19,20,22,25,31,38,152,155,160,161,211,515
and Williams, 490
and women, 26,33,37
Montijo, Condesa de, 128
morality, 68,84,85,86,98,189,255,256,295,365,367,657,677,680,696,698,699
Berkeley on, 401,402
in Burke, 675,677
in Diderot, 168–9,192
and empiricism, 280,281
in Fénelon, 384
in Fichte, 281
in Hegel, 374
in Helvétius, 200,201
in Hobbes, 689,690
in Holbach, 202
in Hume, 302,303,304
in Hutcheson, 299–302
in Kant, 282–3,285,286,289,290,370–3,588,589,590
in Leibniz, 280
in Mably, 578
and Mandeville, 390–1
in Montesquieu, 15,158
and natural law, 251,252
in Price, 669–70
in Pufendorf, 261,265
in Rousseau, 193,363,364,369
in Shaftesbury, 396
in Smith, 148,308,309,461,463,464
in Thomasius, 265–6,267
in Voltaire, 209,417
in Wolff, 270,271,272,273,276,280
in Wollstonecraft, 679
More, Hannah 683,761 (biog.)
More, Henry, 256
More, Sir Thomas, 76,385
Morellet, Abbé André 93,762 (biog.)
Morelly, Etienne Gabriel 470,471–3,475–6,477–8,479,579,762 (biog.)
Mornay, Philippe du Plessis, 43
Moscati, Pietro, 233,244
Moser, Friedrich Carl von 139,762 (biog.)
Moser, Johann Jakob 135–7,138,139, 762 (biog.)
Möser, Justus 246,762–3 (biog.)
Moses, 83,225,354,364,367,368
Moshammer, F. X., 545
Mosheim, J. L. von, 101
Mothe le Vayer, François de la, 80
Mounier, Jean Joseph 631–2,634,635,763 (biog.)
Moyle, Walter 49,66,67,763 (biog.)
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 130
Münchhausen, G. A. von, 267
Muratori, Lodovico Antonio, 121–2,125,127,129,221
Murray, James, 140,141
Napoleon Bonaparte, 129,246,522,694,696,700,709
Napoleonic wars, 257
nation, 152,240,629–30,633,635,673
Native Americans, 48,167
natural law, 48,49,103,190,192,219,220,227,246,251–90,296,297–8,301,303,305–6,307,312,315,350–3,355–6,361–2,480,523,627,639,684
see also law(s)
natural man, 168,251,363,364,366,574, 698
natural rights, 47,49,73,190,280,281,291–316,321,323,365,614,660,661,671,674,675,678,684,695
see also right(s)
nature, 16,160,177,196,203,222,226,228,234,239,371,655,656
state of, 28,29,220,229,236,280,286,287,304,355,359,360,361,365,385,579,678
Naudé, Gabriel, 80
necessity, 228,369,384
Necker, Jacques, 420,429,438,629
Nedham, Marchamont, 47
Netherlands, 129,131
Nettelbladt, Daniel 277,763 (biog.)
Newton, Sir Isaac, 20,45,88,89,91,162,174,189,226,501
Nicholas of Cusa, 349
Nicolai, Friedrich, 132
Nicole, Pierre, 380,471
Noinville, Durey de, 176
Nonconformity, 51,63,140,142
Nonjurors, 45,51
Noodt, Gerard 140,763 (biog.)
Nordenskjöld, August 764 (biog.)
Nordenskjöld, Carl Fredrik 764 (biog.)
North, Lord, 140
Novalis, 139,247
Numa, 364,368,369,575
Oakeshott, Michael, 347
obedience, 44,45,46,62,64,141,661,662
see also resistance
obligation/duty, 259,265,266,269,270,271,272,273,276,277,281,282,285,300,302,306,315,321,364,365,367,368
O’Connor, Arthur 764 (biog.)
O’Connor, Charles 55,108,764 (biog.)
Ogilvie, William 493–4,684,764 (biog.)
O’Leary, Arthur 764–5 (biog.)
optimism 195–9
Orobio de Castro, Isaac, 82,86
Ørsted, Anders Sandøe, 279
Otis, James 40,608,664,765 (biog.)
Owen, Robert, 702
Pagano, Francesco Mario 765 (biog.)
Pagano, Mario, 229
Paige, Louis-Adrien Le, 115
Paine, Thomas 69,83,94,148,322,463,473,592,601,611,661,662,666,670,676,678,679,680,681,684–5,688,690,765 (biog.)
Paley, William 42,53,323,335,563–5,569,570,571,612,765 (biog.)
Panckoucke, Charles Joseph 182–3,184,185,766 (biog.)
Panduro, Lorenzo Hervas y, 128
Pani, Tomasso Vincenzo, 96
Pâris, Deacon, 112
parlement(s) 21,112,115,116,117,118,124,136,154,180,183
parlement of Paris, 22,23,113,114,115,123,181,183,628,629
parliament, English, 20,41–2,56,60–2,64,68,69,70,73,74,76,77,321–4,327,328,329,330,337,338–9,340,345,346,577,591,602,603,605,607–8,609,612,620,663,664,665,666
see also legislation/legislator
parti dévot, 116,117,118
Pascal, Blaise, 159,360,380,471
Passionei, Cardinal Domenico, 122
Patouillet, Louis, 131
Patullo, Henry, 423,441
Pauw, Cornelius de, 698
Peace of Ryswick, 67
Peace of Westphalia, 256
Penn, William, 46,612
people, 47,50,60–2,190,288,622,623,636,644,646,647,648,650–1,652,653,654,666,673,689
sovereignty of 324,574,577,578,581,586,591,592,594,596,615,620–5,627,634–5,637,643,647,649,650–1,689,692,772 (biog.)
perfection, 73,89,91,203,211,243,260,270,272,273,274,276,278,280,285
Pericles, 209
Perrault, Claude, 235
Petition of Right, 612
Petty, William, 423
Peyrère, Isaac la, 80,83,223
Philip the Fair, 124
philosopher king, 73,497–504,510,522,524
philosophes, 73,89,109,166,180,500,501,502,503,505,506,700,701,702,704,707,708
physiocracy 419–38,455,466–7,468,469,470,517–18,523,545,579,641
Pidansat de Mairobert, 113
Pietism, 101,103,132–9,141,143,268
Pinson, Koppel, 139
Pitcairn, Archibald, 59
Pitt, James, 75,76,77
Pitt, William, 97,683
Pius VI, Pope, 127
placemen, 65,66,70,73,74,77,605,643
Plato, 192,253,255,256,349,357,369,384,385,396,403,418,497–8,499,501,505
Plongeron, Bernard, 120
Plowden, Francis 766 (biog.)
Pluche, Abbé Noël Antoine, 177,471
Pluquet, François, 481
Poggi, Giuseppi, 126
Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melho, marques de 101,511,766 (biog.)
Pompa, Leon, 219
Pompignan, Lefranc de, 118,142
Pope, Alexander 71,72,74,196–8,413,604,700,766 (biog.)
Portecarrero, Maria Francisco de Sales de, 128
Pownall, Thomas 767 (biog.)
Prades, Jean Martin de, 180
Presbyterian Church in Scotland, 51,60,253,295
Presbyterianism, 53,57
Prévost, Abbé Antoine François 107,149,767 (biog.)
Price, Richard 140,324,339,668,669,671,673,676,767 (biog.)
Priestley, Joseph 140,661,662,668,669,671–2,767 (biog.)
priests/priestcraft, 54,85,86,87,101,108,681,707
Pringle, John, 291
Proast, Jonas 105,768 (biog.)
progress, 89,173,177,199–203,209,211–12,397,588–9,642
property, 237,272,492,650
and arts and sciences 475–80
in Babeuf, 469
in Bentham, 562
and Bolingbroke, 73
and British radicalism, 683
in Burke, 677
and Carmichael, 298
in Dalrymple, 311–12
and English constitution, 602
in Fénelon, 474
in Fichte, 594,595
and French Revolution, 632,633,640,645,650
in Godwin, 467,683
in Helvétius, 491
in Humboldt, 596
in Hume, 163,164,302,303,304
in Hutcheson, 300,301
in Kames, 305,311–12
in Kant, 285–6,287,288,591
in Linguet, 467
in Locke, 48,303,353
and luxury debates, 381
Mably on, 481,482,484–5,486,579
in Mandeville, 393
in Molyneux, 56
in Montesquieu, 405,406
in Morelly, 470,471–3,475
in Ogilvie, 493
in Paine, 685
in physiocracy, 419,426,431,432,467,468
in Robespierre, 467–8,494
in Romilly, 564
in Rousseau, 478,573,575,579
in Smith, 308,312–14,457
in Spence, 684
in Wolff, 272,275
in Wollstonecraft, 679
see also landowners
Protestantism, 18,19,41,53,68,80,100,251,348
Prussia, 129,257,260,277,487,590
Pufendorf, Samuel, 24,48,102,136,140,175,190–1,192,193,219,220,224,228,233,251,252,253–4,257,258,259,260,261–2,263,264,265,266,267,273,277,280,281,283,291,292,296,297,298,300,302,304,308,315,360,385,480,513,523
Purchas, Samuel, 149
Pyrrhonism, 79,80,89,98
Quebec Act, 108
Quesnay, François 201,420,423,424,425–6,427,429–32,433,434,435,441,448,456, 768 (biog.)
Quesnel, Pasquier, 111,117,125
Radicati di Passerano, Alberto 768 (biog.)
Raeff, Marc, 138
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 71
Ramsay, Andrew Michael 46,179,475, 768 (biog.)
Rapin (Rapin-Thoyras), Paul de 41,768–9 (biog.)
Rational Dissent 668–73
Rautenstrauch, Stephen, 130
Rawls, John, 347,375
Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas François 149,161,165–7,221,518,519,579,584,769 (biog.)
Réamur, René Antoine de, 177
reason, 16,30,84,89,120,139,141,160,162,165,175,191,195,196,199,202,205,210,211,221,228,229,230,236,237,252,263–4,265,268,281,283,284,289,558,579,588,589,596,628,629,630,632,633,637,639–40,641,642,649,655,668,675,678,680,681,682
see also empiricism
Rees, Abraham, 184
Rees, David, 140
Reeves, John, 683
Rehberg, August Wilhelm, 593
Reid, Thomas 314,769 (biog.)
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel 84,234, 769 (biog.)
religion, 16,21,31,52,79–87,88,91–109,152,153,155–6,157,159,168–9,188,197,201,202,204,207,208,210,243,251,252,254,261,268,310,501,569,579,620,668,671,708
see also Christianity; deism; God; toleration, religious; specific sects
representation, 60,339,581
and American Revolution, 603,604,606,613–14,615,617,624,664,665
and English parliament, 665
and French revolutionary discourse, 630–1,633,634,635,636,637,640,641,643,644,648,649,653
and Hobbes, 689
in Kant, 591
and Price, 670
and Priestley, 672
in Rousseau, 577,586
see also democracy; legislation/legislator; vote/voting
republic/republicanism, 13,26,37,151,154,164,289,290,334,373,407,408,437,467–8,472–3,478,481–3,486,491,492,514,574,575,577,581,583,584,585,586,590–2,595,603,605,617–20,627,639,643,645,652,656,657,658,662,681,682,684,685,688,690,696,697,701
see also democracy; representation
resistance, 190,191,254,255,278,289,320,323,662,673
see also obedience; revolution
Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas Edme 769 (biog.)
Retz, Cardinal de, 10,240
revolution, 43,44,116,205,384,480,580–1,592,594,605,638,649,658–9
see also resistance
Revolution of, 1688 40–3,44,47,52,65,75,319–20,326,328,602,604,673
Revolution Settlement of, 1689 660
Ricardo, David, 443
Ricci, Scipione de 124,125,769–70 (biog.)
Richard II, king of England, 43
Richelet, Pierre, 176
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal, 10,415,514
Richer, Edmond, 113
Richerism, 113,134
Ridpath, George, 59
right(s) 45,50,68,190,193,255,259,269,271–2,274,275,276,278,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,289,309,345,352,355,356,372,593,594,595,602,628,632,633,634,638–9,640,662,663,669,670,672,673,674,690,698
see also freedom; natural rights
Robertson, William 148,149,171,205,214,221,241,698,770 (biog.)
Robespierre, Maximilien François Isidore 465,466,467–8,494,592,593,643,645,647,649,650,654,656–8,709,770 (biog.)
Robinet, Jean Baptiste René, 222
Roda y Arrieta, Manuel de, 128
Roederer, Pierre Louis, comte de 480–1,698,770 (biog.)
Rohr, Julius Bernhard von 531,534,770 (biog.)
Roland de La Platière, Marie Jeanne (Manon Philpon), Madame 770 (biog.)
Romagnosi, Gian Domenico 771 (biog.)
Roman Catholic Church, 14,17,18,22,51,52,80,88,94,95,96,97,100,108,111,116,119,125,128,180,183,258,468,639
Augustinian Order, 124,126,127,128
Dominican Order, 124,127,128
Franciscan Order, 121,124,128
Jesuit Order, 101,116,117,118,120,121,122–4,127,128,129,141,180,200,476
Unam sanctam (papal bull), 123
Unigenitus (papal bull), 111,112,113,114,115,116,117,120,121,123,127,130,134
Romanticism, 257,707
Rome, ancient, 14,15–20,25,34,49,57,69,70,75,154,212–17,227,245,256,257,334,362–3,384,407–8,413,415,481–4,486,575,578,595,603
Romilly, Jean, 93,571
Romilly, Sir Samuel 564–5,567,570,771 (biog.)
Romme, Charles Gilbert, 655
Roscher, Wilhelm, 523–4
Rossi, Paolo, 219
Rouché, Max, 220
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 103,104,142,148,185,186,203,218,219,281,360,417,468,470,477–81,504,522,523,553,554,573–7,583–4,595,627,692,697,771 (biog.)
on ancient polity, 362–3,364,366,367–8
on consent, 362,364,365,367,368
on contract 347,359,362–9
on freedom, 255,364–5,368–9,576
and French Revolution, 627,630,634,635–6,637,640,657,658,689,704–5
and Geneva, 584
on human nature, 192,193,363,477,480,574,588
influences and relations, 53,58,29,37,87,165,178,180,189,192,193,201,207,210,220,224–5,233,243,244,246,287,362,364,365,369,370,374,390,464,470,475,478,479,480–1,576,578,579,581,583,586–9,590,591–2,593,594,595,596,597,698,702
on sovereignty, 577,581,586,591,592,689
and Venice, 584
on will, 192,287,362,364–5,367,368–9
Ruddiman, Thomas, 59
Rush, Benjamin, 440
Rutherforth, Thomas 334,771 (biog.)
Rutledge, James 489–90,772 (biog.)
Sacy, Lemaistre de, 112
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, marquis de 772 (biog.)
Saige, Guillaume-Joseph, 627
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 102
Saint-Cyran, Abbé de, 111,112
St Evremond, 399
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon 467–8,480,592,647,649,653,658,772 (biog.)
Saint-Lambert, Jean François, marquis de, 184,193,379–81,382
Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, 480
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé de 404,416,772 (biog.)
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de 203,705,707–9,772–3 (biog.)
Sales, Jean Baptiste Delisle de, 697
Sanctis, Francesco de, 219
Sanderson, Robert, 45
sans-culottes, 650,651,654,656,697
Sarpi, Paolo, 221
Sarrailh, Jean, 128
Sartorius, Georg, 536
Savigny, Freidrich Carl von, 246
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 419,420,546
scepticism 79–92,96,98,108–9,153,195,196,202,205,254,302–4
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich 773 (biog.)
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 139
Schlözer, August Ludwig von 148,149,536,773 (biog.)
Schmauss, J. J., 267
Schmid, L. B. M., 545
Schreber, D. G., 535
Schröder, William von 528–9,530,537, 773 (biog.)
science, 79,88–9,90,91,174,175,176,177,189,202,203,204,205,206,207,211,218,222,226,227,230,231,239,292,296,360,392,415,475–80,502,579,642,671,692,697,698
see also empiricism
Scotland, 50,54,57–60
Scott, William, 296
Scottish Country Party, 57
Scottish Parliament, 57,58,60
Scottish theorists, 9,60,148,158,221,236,240,253,255,267,280,291–316,443–62,464,640,660,685,706
Seabury, Samuel 773 (biog.)
Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von 528,773–4 (biog.)
secularism, 174,204,206,208,210
self-preservation, 228,234,240,245,589,698
Seller, Abednigo, 45
Seneca, 69,349
Septennial Act, 70,667
Servetus, 96
Seton, William, 59
Seven Years War, 117,198,199,278,421,424,439,466,601
Sextus Empiricus, 79,80
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of 66,68,197,198,253,299,380,395–9,405,416,774 (biog.)
Sharp, Granville, 664
Shebbeare, John 774 (biog.)
Sheridan, Thomas 774 (biog.)
Sherlock, William 45,774–5 (biog.)
Shute, John, see Barrington, John Shute, First Viscount
Sibbald, Sir Robert, 59
Sidney, Algernon, 47,57,67,75,370,647,702
Sieyès, Abbé Emmanuel Joseph 358,468,591,592,629–31,632,636,639–40,641,648,651,688,690–1,693,694–5,698,699,700,705,775 (biog.)
Simioli, Giuseppe, 122
Simon, Richard, 80,83
Sirven, Pierre Paul, 568
slavery, 26,159,160,164,166,167,274,275,298,364,365,639,640,669
Smellie, William, 183–4
Smith, Adam 77,148,149,170,183,193,236,253,291,292,293,294,304,307–10,312–14,315,379,396,417,419,420,443–62,464,508,540,546,589,685,686,706,775 (biog.)
Smith, Sir Thomas, 665
Smollett, Tobias, 149
sociability, 47,68,173,179,188,191,233,252,262,264,270,397,579,588,673
social science 690–5,696,699–700,701–4,705–9
Société de, 1789 691,692,695
society, 147–51,152,156,157–9,160,161–2,167,169,170,173,200,203,204,207,209,211,218,235,261,264,281,287,304,310–12,396–9,401,431,477,479,480,574,575,588,633,639–40,654,675,676,679
see also civilisation; culture/custom
Socinianism, 93
Socrates, 349,357
Solomon, King, 414
Somers, John, Baron, 47,61
Sonenscher, Michael, 442
Sonnenfels, Baron Joseph von 131,503,526,535,538,541–5,775 (biog.)
Sorbonnists, 115
sovereign/ruler, 308,431,433,527–9,534,539–41,546,554,555,574–5,689
see also monarchy
sovereignty, 41–2,46,60–2,255,256,259,260,275,278,287,288,321–4,355,361,576,581,627,630,631,633,635,637,644,648,663,666,689,690
popular, 324,574,577,578,581,586,591,592,594,596,615,620–5, 627,634–5,637,643,647,649,650–1,689,692
Spain, 119,123,127–9,438,439
Spedalieri, Nicola, 126
Spence, Thomas 684,776 (biog.)
Spencer, Herbert, 597
Spener, Philipp Jakob 132,133,134,137,138,776 (biog.)
Spinelli, Cardinal, 122
Spinola, Cristobal de, 101
Spinoza, Baruch, 80,83–4,85–6,88,98,189,195,222,225,227–8,231,246,359
Staël, Anne Louise Germaine Necker, madame de 704,776 (biog.)
Stamford, earl of, 40
Stamp Act, 607,613
Stanislas Augustus, king of Poland, 507
Stanislas I Leszczynski 776 (biog.)
Stark, Johann August, 138
Staszic, Stanislaw, 521
state, 27,52,53,98–100,103–4,105–7,113,135,190,219,246–7,251,272–3,275,277,283,285,286,287,288,348,361,364,374,431,432,447,485,493,574,593,595–6,597,688–90,705
Steele, Sir Richard 776 (biog.)
Steida, William, 535
Stephens, William, 41
Steuart (also Denham), Sir James 445,447,449–50,490,546,777 (biog.)
Stewart, Dugald 314–16,443,456,685,706, 777 (biog.)
Stiebritz, Johann Friedrich, 533
Stieda, William, 535
Stillingfleet, Edward, 81,85
Stock, Simon, 129
Stoicism, 63,64,68,253,299,500,501,506, 578
Stone, Harold, 219
Stuart, House of, 320,488,605
see also Jacobites
Sturm, Johann Jakob, 135
Sturm und Drang, 139,220
Súarez, Francisco, 350
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, duc de, 22,23,190
Svarez, Carl Gottlieb, 257
Swieten, Gerhard van, 129,130
Swift, Jonathan 56,61,71,102,604,777 (biog.)
Synge, Edward, 95
Synod of Pistoia, 125,126,128
Tacitus, 12,35,70,210,656
Tagliacozzo, Giorgio, 219
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de 693,694,698,777 (biog.)
Tamburini, Pietro 100,124,125,128, 778 (biog.)
Tarbat, Viscount, 59
Tavira y Almazan, Antonio, 128
taxation, 21,55,56,66,71,141,424,426,429,431,432,458,607,633,664,665
Tennis Court Oath, 631
Terme, Jean de, 130
Terror, the, 649,650,652,653,654,656,690,692,706
Tertullian, 216
Test Acts, 53
Thelwall, John 681,683,685,778 (biog.)
Theophrastus, 151
Thirty Years War, 95,256
Thomas, Reid, 291
Thomasius, Christian 101,132,252,253,259–67,268,273,276,277,280,281,283,370,778 (biog.)
Thompson, James, 71,703
Thompson, William, 702
Thomson, James, 74
Tindal, Matthew 49,52,86,778 (biog.)
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 30,421–2, 435
Toland, John 48,52,54,66,67,81,86, 778–9 (biog.)
toleration, religious, 16,20,21,22,31,46,52,54,91–109,132,137,207,216,254,354,388,501,502,504,505,508,509,668
see also Edict of Nantes, Revocation of; religion
Toleration Act of, 1689 51
Tone, Theobald Wolfe 56,74,97,108,662,665,779 (biog.)
Tooke, John Horne 779 (biog.)
Tories, 42,45,47,56,62,63,65,70,72,73–4,141,329,604,660,661
Torregiani, Ludovico Maria, 122
Toussaint, François, 186
Toussaint L’Ouverture (François Dominique Toussaint) 779 (biog.)
Towers, Joseph 661,779–80 (biog.)
Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, see Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, Comte
trade, free, 59,60,427,430
Tran, John, 295
Transylvania, 94
Treaty of Augsburg, 256
Treaty of Westphalia, 95,256
Trenchard, John 67,604,780 (biog.)
Cato’s Letters, 49,66,69,326
Treschow, Nils, 279
Triennial Act, 320
Tronchin, Jean-Robert, 586
Tucker, Josiah 330,661,672–3,780 (biog.)
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de l’Aulne 89,90,93,109,184,186,203,420,424,426,427,428,429,433,437,440,455,456,503,579,780 (biog.)
Turnbull, George 291,780–1 (biog.)
Turretini, J. A., 101
tyranny, 31,77,155,513,606
see also absolutism; despotism; monarchy
Tyrrell, James 47,49,781 (biog.)
Tyson, Edward, 235
Ulloa, Bernardo de 781 (biog.)
Union of, 1707 59
United States, 67,105,440,453,566,670
see also American Revolution
United States Articles of Confederation, 616,617
Urquijo, Mariano Luis de, 128,129
Ussher, James, 208,223,224,225
utilitarianism, 173,201,374,375,523,547,553,554,555,569,572,682
utility, 159,209,304,309,357,358,369,386,390,393,394,671
Uztáriz (Ustariz), Gerónimo de 781 (biog.)
Valla, Lorenzo, 120,122
Valletta, Giuseppe, 219
Van Espen, Zeger Bernhard 114,128, 781 (biog.)
Vasquez, Francisco Saverio, 127
Vattel, Emerich de 136,277,278, 781–2 (biog.)
Velestinlis, Rigas 782 (biog.)
Velez, Rafael de, 129
Venice, 583–4
Verner, David, 291
Verri, Pietro 439,503,520,782 (biog.)
Versé, Noel Aubert de 782 (biog.)
Vertot, Abbé, 411
Vico, Giambattista 203,218,219–20,222,224,225,227,228–30,231–2,233,240,476, 782–3 (biog.)
Vicq-d’Azyr, Félix, 708
Villanueva, Joachín Lorenzo, 129
Virgil, 72,213
Volney, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, comte de 697–9,783 (biog.)
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) 79,148,150,162,174,181,185,187,197,198–9,211,427,503,523,556,568,587,697,783 (biog.)
and Barclay, 159
and Bayle, 108,206
and Bodin, 159
and Bossuet, 148,207,228
and Catherine II, 507
and Colbert, 23
on comparison, 159–61
and Diderot, 161,207
and Encyclopédie, 500–1
and Frederick II, 138,504–5,506,507
on freedom, 19,20–1,24
and Gibbon, 210,211,214
on government, 19–23,24–5,155–60,207,522
and Henri IV, 22
and Herder, 170,221,241,245
on history, 9,25,159,206–10,217
and Hume, 152,161,162,180
and Joseph II, 509
and La Bruyere, 159
on laws, 24–5
and Leibniz, 196
and Locke, 200
and Louis XV, 207
on luxury 412–17
and Montaigne, 159,161
and Montesquieu, 9,19,20,22,25,31,38,152,155,160,161,211,515
and Panckoucke, 182
and Pascal, 159
and Plato, 499
and Pope, 197
and Raynal, 161
on religion, 21,22,81,82,93,96–7,100,102,104,106,109,152,155,207,208,210
and Rousseau, 207,210
and Shaftesbury, 197
and Sully, 22,23
and Tacitus, 210
vote/voting, 68,69,74,591,606,607,648–9,665–6,672
see also representation
Wake, William, 52,101
Wallace, Robert, 454
Walpole, Sir Robert, 69,70–2,73,75,326,328,605
War of the Austrian Succession, 466,482, 578
Warburton, William 52–3,783 (biog.)
Warren, Mercy Otis 784 (biog.)
Washington, George, 99
Watson, Richard 661,662,784 (biog.)
wealth, 429,430,431,447
Weber, Max, 157
Wesley, John, 141,142,670–1
West, Gilbert, 71
Whigs, 42,43,45,46,47,48,49,52,53,54,56,62,63,64,65,66,70,72,75–8,140,328,329,604,660,670,672,686
Whiston, William, 225
Whitacker, John, 142
White, R. J., 500
Wieland, Christoph Martin 784 (biog.)
Wilde, John, 267
Wildman, John, 43
Wilkes, John 141,344,580,660,663–4,680, 784 (biog.)
Wilkesites, 74,330,663
will, 195,228,252,266,287,356,360,361,362,364–5,367,368–9,374,627,629,630,639,643,647,649,653,657
general, 192,287,362,370,574,575,597,627,630,634,635,636,637,641,644,648,649,657,697
and voluntarism, 251,252–3,254,256,263,266,269,347,348–50,356,359,362
Willebrandt, Johann Peter, 107
William, Scott, 291
William III, king of England, 40,44,45,92,320
William of Ockham, 113,349
Williams, David 490–1,785 (biog.)
Williams, Elisha 785 (biog.)
Williams, Samuel, 624
Willis, Thomas, 233
Wilson, James 611,621–2,785 (biog.)
Winckelman, Johann Joachim, 241
Wittola, Marc Anton, 130
Wolff, Christian, Freiherr von 132,196,198,252,253,257,259–60,268–78,280,281,283,370,498,505,506,587–9,785 (biog.)
Wollaston, William 786 (biog.)
Wollstonecraft, Mary 63,678,679,680–1,786 (biog.)
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 71
women, 26,33,37,62–4,591,638,641,672,679,680–1
Wythe, George, 615
Wyvill, Christopher, 666
Young, Arthur, 611
Zedler, Johann, 150
Zeiller, Franz von, 257
Zevi, Sabbatai, 80,82
Zincke, Georg Heinrich 533,535,543,786 (biog.)
Zinzendorf, Karl von, 521
Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig Graf von, 132,134,139
Zubly, John Joachim 786 (biog.
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