Exploring Tort Law

Index

Abnormally Dangerous Activities

   See Strict Liability

Accidents

   Accident Costs, Defined, 116

   Accident Prevention, 77

Adams v. Bullock, 341

Agent Orange, 377

“Agent Orange” Products Liability Litigation, 360

Agents

   Generally, 112

   Actions of Principals as Substituting for, 120

   Efficient Liability Rules for, 121

   Individual Liability for, 122–123

   Joint and Several Liability for, 123

   Judgment Proof Agents, 119, 122–123, 132–134

     Incentive to Hire, 135–136

     Risk of Insolvency of, 123–124

   Organization Liability for Actions, 112

   Regulation of Precautions Taken, 112, 118, 119, 120, 137–139

   Risk Taking by, 116

   Sanctions of, 118, 119

   Solvent Agents, 122

   Vicarious Liability for Actions of, 112, 114

     Predicated on Capacity To Control, 136–137

A.L.I.

   See American Law Institute

American Law Institute, 262, 264

   Restatement Projects, Politics of, 268–271

Ames, Bruce N., 416

Andrews, J.

   Dissent in Palsgraf, 152, 164

Apportionment of Liability, 352–357, 358

   See Also Proportional Liability

   Comparative Contribution, 353

   Corrective Justice, and, 355

   Decreased Chance of Survival, 353, 355

   Multiple Tortfeasors, 358

   Preponderance of Evidence Standard, 353, 396

Aristotle, 32, 33

   Golden Mean, 33

   Involuntary Transactions, Liability for, 32

   Misadventure, Liability for, 33

   NICHOMACHAEAN ETHICS, 32

Asbestos, 377, 380

Assumption of Risk, 57, 71

   Primary, 71

   Secondary, 72

Atkin, Lord, 144, 145, 147, 148, 154, 164, 165, 177, 180, 185

Australia

   Law of, 162, 165

Autonomy

   See Responsibility, Individual

Automobile Compensation, 62

   See also Liability, Automobile

Babylonia

   See Mesopotamian Law

Bagehot, Walter, 263

Barker v. Lull Engineering Co., 247, 248

Barnes v. American Tobacco Co., 419

Bartkewich v. Billenger, 300

Becker, Gary, 339

Bendectin, 372, 388

Bentham, Jeremy, 335

Berger, J., 35

Berger, Margaret A., 369

Blackmun, J., 368

Blackstone, 334

Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co., Inc., 35, 45

Breast Implants, 388

Brennan, Troyen, 417

Bystander Rule

   See Emotional Distress

Calabresi, Guido, 41, 46, 257, 258, 259, 352

   Cheapest Cost Avoider, and, 41

   IDEALS, BELIEFS AND THE LAW, 342

   The Decision for Accidents, 341

   TRAGIC CHOICES, 342

California, 196, 301, 302, 354

   See Also Emotional Distress, 58

   Bystander Plaintiffs, 188

   Cal. Model Jury Instruction On Due Care, 73

   “Zone of Danger” Rule, 58

Campo v. Scofield, 299, 301, 302, 303

Canada

   Law of, 148, 162, 165, 169, 170, 173–176

   Cooper v. Hobart, 173, 178

Cardozo, Benjamin, J., 52, 56, 151, 152, 155, 156, 161, 162, 232, 234, 235, 236, 273, 341

Care

   See Due Care

Carnap, Rudolf, 422

Carroll Towing, United States v., 52, 54, 55, 72, 75

   Due Care Standard, 73

   Cal. Model Jury Instruction, 73

Caterpillar, Inc. v. Shears, 287, 291

Causation, 228

   See Also Epidemiology

   Alternative Causes, 374

   Assumptions of Conduct-Causation Independence, 387–388

   But-For, 208

   Epidemiology, as Proof of, 385

   General, 361–362, 371, 385

   Proximate, 335

   Long-Latency Periods, and, 373

   Quantitative Risk, Employing, 358

   Reductionist Views of, 336

   Specific Causation, 362, 368, 371, 373, 385

   Statistical Evidence of, 356

Choices

   See Also Risk

   Maximizing Net Benefits, 296

   Personal, 295

   Socially Beneficial, 296

Cicero

   See Roman Law

Civil Code Nations

   See Also Specific Countries; Collective Rights, Collective Actions

   Causation, 409, 417–420

   Causation, “But for”, 405

   Causation, General, 415–417

   Causation, Specific, Alternative Explanations and, 420–421

   Epidemiology

     Cohort Studies and, 411

     Specific Causation and, 411–415

   Products Liability, 404–408

   Restatements of Torts, as Informed by, 404, 421, 424

   Toxic Substances, Exposure to, 408–411

   Universalization, 404

Civil Law

   Common Law, as Contrasted with, 404

City of Cincinnati v. Baretta, U.S.A., 224

Coase, Ronald H., 46

   THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL COST, 46

Colby, Thomas B., 343, 345

Coleman, Jules L., 47

Collateral Source Doctrine/Rule, 83, 92, 94, 97, 99

   See Also Insurance

   Collateral Sources, 83, 84

     New Treatment of, 106–110

   Make-Whole Requirement/Norm, 97, 102

     Administrative Costs, 98

     Expenses of, 99

   Non-Offset Approach, 94, 95–97, 99–100

     Full Recovery Under, 99

   Offset Approach, 94

   Statutes, State, 100

   Subrogation, 94

     Administrative Costs of, 99

Collective Actions and Collective Rights

   Ancien Regime, France, 435

   Associations, Limitations on, 430, 436

   Civil Codes

     Chilean, 429

     French, 429

   Code of Communes, France, 462

   Collective Rights, 427–437

   Collective Rights, Colombian

     See Popular Action, Below

   Collective Rights, French, 453–458, 459–470

     Contraventions de Grande Voire, 454, 470–474

     Droit Collectif, France, 432–434, 453

     Interet Collectif, 435

     Referes Administratifs, 477, 478

     Plein Contentieux, 456, 468

     Pretium Affectionis, 466

     Recourmingrs de Plein Contentieux, 464, 466

     Recours de Pleine Juridiction, 456

     Recours Pour Exces de Pouvoir, 455, 459, 468, 469

     Restituio in Integrum, 455

   Colombia, 428, 437–444

   Constitution

     Colombian, of 1991, 428, 432, 437

     French, 478

   France, 428

   Injunctions, France, 475

   Judicial Powers, French, 474–479

     Maximum Court, 430

   Napoleonic Code, 430

   Nuisance, Public and Private, France, 431

   Pericles, 450

   Popular Action, Colombian

     Definition and Purpose, 438

     Collective Rights Protected by, 444–447

     Contingent Damages and, 429

     Individual Rights vs. Collective Rights, 447–452

   Property Rights, 435

   Roman Law, 427

   Scholarly Contributions, 427, 428, 429, 434, 435, 448, 449, 478

   Statutes

     Colombian, 428, 430, 432–434, 437

   “Subjective Rights”, Colombian

     “Any Person” and, 436

     Environmental Actions and, 428

Collingswood, R.G., 49

Colombia

   See Collective Rights, Collective Actions

Common Law, 262, 336

Common Law Systems, 264, 288, 344

   Interlocutory Work of Courts, 265

   No-Duty Rules, 286–290

   No-Duty Results, 288

Comparative Fault, 70, 98

Comparative Responsibility, 72, 353

   See Also Apportionment of Liability; Comparative Fault

Consumer Product Safety Commission, 328

Consumer Products, 66

Contingent Fees, 101, 110

Contract

   Disclaimers, 251

   Distinctions with Tort, 228, 240

   Freedom of, 228

   Notice of Claim, 251

   Privity, 228

   Sequential Contracts, 237

   Statutes of Limitation, 251

   Third-Party Beneficiaries, 228, 232–236

Contribution, 72

   See Also Apportionment of Liability

Contributory Negligence, 71

Cooper v. Hobart

   See Canada, Law of

Corporations

   See Agents

Corrective Justice, 12, 13, 82, 87, 106, 146, 147, 148, 266, 268, 359

   See Also Justice, Rectifiction

   Deterrence, and, 13

   Efficiency, vs., 12

   Morality, and, 12

Cost-Benefit Analysis, 77

Costs

   Externalization of, 115

   Internalization of, 117, 121, 339

Courts

   See Judiciary

Cross Subsidization, 248

   See Also Efficiency

Customary Law, 36–39

   Acts, Positive, 38

   Assault, 38

   Ceylon, Law of, 36

   Culpa, 38

   Duties, Landlord to Tenant, 39

   Duties, Positive, 38

   Intent, 38, 39

   Lex Aquilia, 37, 38

   Nuisance, Private, 39

   Nuisance, Public, 39

   Roman-Dutch Law, 36

   Schools of Writers, 37

   Security, Payment of, 39

   Social Cost, 39

   Trespass, Animals, 38

   Unjust Enrichment, Avoidance of, 38

Damages

   See also Emotional Distress

   Compensation

     Over-compensation, 100, 106

     Under-compensation, 100

   Counsel Fees, 101

     Relative to Pain and Suffering, 101

     Recovery Reduced By, 96, 98

   “Double Counting,” Avoidance of, 339

   Earning Power, 89

   Economic Loss, 86, 87, 159, 160, 162, 163, 229

     Pure, 189, 191, 193, 274

   Environmental, 44, 193, 197

   Future Losses, 93

   Governmental, 197

   Grief, 89

   Legal Representation, 344

   Loss, Calculation of Expected, 241

   Lost Income, Inadequate, 89

   Non-Pecuniary Loss, 96

     Intangible Loss, 97

     Pain and Suffering, 82, 98, 106

   Optimal Awards, 113

   Out of Pocket Losses, 95, 97

     Protection Against Future, 94

     Risk of Overcompensation for, 98

   Permanent Injury, Insurance for, 94

   Property, 86, 229

   Services, 344

   Strategic Behavior, Effect of, 47

   Uninsured Damages, Recovery of, 98

   Wrongful Death, 104

     Elimination of Monetary Ceilings, 104

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 356, 367, 368, 394, 423, 424

Decreased Chance of Survival

   See Apportionment of Liability

Defenses

   See also Comparative Negligence

Delgado, Richard, 357

Denning, J., 176, 177, 179, 184, 290

Desiano v. Warner-Lambert Co., 257

Deterrence

   See also Incentives

   Generally, 16, 82, 84, 91, 100, 106, 177

   Optimal, 87, 395

   Socially Wasteful Projects, 116

   Unconsented-to Taking, 16

DES, 372, 373

Devlin, J., 252

Dignitary Torts, 86

   Defamation, 86

   Invasion of Privacy, 86

Doggett, J., 42

Doll, Sir Richard, 421

Diplock, Lord, 179

Donohue v. Stevenson, 144, 151

Dorset Yacht, Home Office v., 179

Drugs, Prescription, 377

   Oral Contraceptives, 378

Du Parcq, J., 289

Due Care

   See also United States v. Carroll Towing, 72, 75

   Cost-Justified Precautions, 111, 112, 116, 118, 121, 238

   Costs, Private, 239

   Costs, Reduction of Expected, 112

   Costs, Social, 239

   Efficient Precautions, 117

   Optimal Care, 112, 118

   Reduction of Accident Costs, 116

Durkheim, Emile, 14

Dutch-Roman Law

   See Customary Law

Duty

   See Also Judiciary, Common Law Systems, Risk, Risk Information, Religion

   Causation, and, 148

   Correlative Right, and, 154–164

   Defined, 272

   Disintegration of, 145, 177, 271

   Duty Rules v. No-Duty Rules, 272–275

     Proposal for, 283–286

   “Enabling” Tort, as Creating, 275–280

   Entrustment, 280

   General Conception of, 144–149, 178–179, 184–186

   Instrumentalism, and, 184, 185

   Land Occupiers, 56, 57, 297

   Misfeasance, and, 274

   Negligence, and, 148

   Neighbor Principle, 144, 165

   Nonfeasance or Omission to Act, 274

   No-Duty Rules, 189, 272, 296

   Policy, and, 176–178, 179–184

   Proximate Cause, and, 148, 150

   Proximity, Requirement of, 162

   Reasonable Care, and, 148

   Rescue, 277

   Relation Between Parties, 148, 184

   Risk Creation/Enhancement, 277, 280–283

   Special Relationships, Definition of, 196

   Status-based, 56

   Tort vs. Contract, 240

   Two-Stage Test for, 164–173

Early Social Groupings

   Competition vs. Cooperation, 20

   Economic Imperatives of, 16–21

   Labor, Specialization of, 20

   Surplus, Accumulation of, 20

East River Steamship Corp. v Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 250

Efficiency, Economic, 334

   See Also Efficiency, Economic; Deterrence, United States

     Efficiency Norms and, 13, 329

   Deterrence, and, 12, 16

   Efficient Risk Regulation, 116

   Enterprise Control of Agents, 137–139

   Inefficient Risk Taking, 112

   Loss Spreading, as Furthering, 334

   Vicarious Liability as Inefficient, 113, 114

Eisenberg, Theodore, 191

Emotional Distress, 87, 274

   Bystander Rule, 56, 58, 191, 192

   Impact Rule, 192

   Mishandling of Corpses, 59

   “Pure” Emotional Distress, 336, 344

   “Special Category” Exception, 59

   Telegrams, 59

   “Zone of Danger”, 58, 192

Environmental Protection Agency, 416, 421

Enterprise Liability, 69

Epidemiology

   See Also Causation; Civil Code Nations, 356, 365

   Association, as Proving Causation, 376, 383

   Bias, 376

   Case-Control Study, 375, 378

   Causal Inference, Appropriateness of, 392–395

   Cohort Study, 375

   Confidence Intervals, 382

   Confounding, 376, 380, 381

   Disease Status, Ascertainment of, 379

   Dose, Appropriate, 378

   Dose, Biologically Relevant, 376

   “Hill” Criteria, 383, 392, 418

   Limits of, 369–371, 384

   Methodology, 375

   Observational Study, 375, 380

   Non-Differential Misclassification, 379

   Prospective Study, 377

   Random Chance, 376

   Random Error, 381, 382

   Recall Bias, 378

   Relative Risk, 366, 368, 369–371, 375, 381, 384, 385

   Reliability, Daubert and

   Retrospective Studies, 377

Escola v. Coca Bottling Co., 52, 54, 55, 66–68, 69–70

Europe

   See Civil Code Nations; Specific

     Countries

Evidence

   Expert, 213

Farber, Daniel A., 361–362, 363, 367

   “Most-Likely Victim” Rule, 360–361, 367

Fellow Servant Rule, 57

Feyerabend, Paul, 423

Finley, Lucinda M., 368

Food and Drug Administration, 258

Foreseeability

   Particular, 59

France

   See Collective Rights, Collective Actions

Frank, Jerome, J., 347

Functionalism, 333

Fuller, Lon, 189

Georgia, 304

Germany

   Adenoma, 406

   Birth Defect Litigation, 405

   Wood Preservatives, 407

Glanzer v. Shepard, 32, 234

Great Britain

   Law of, 165, 170

Green v. General Petroleum Corp., 68

Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, 244, 302, 313

Gregory, Charles W., 81

Gun Manufacturers, 60

Hand, Learned, J., 55, 341, 342

   Hand Formula for “Breach” Of Duty, 55

Harm

   Accidental, 295

Hayek, Friedrich A., 241

Hedley, Byrne & Co., Ltd. v. Heller & Partners Ltd., 252

Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, 49

Hempel, Carl, 422, 423

Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors Co., 243

HIV Exposure, 58

Higgenbotham, J., 43

Hill, Austin Bradford

   See Epidemiology

Hobbes, Thomas, 241

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, J., 60–61, 77, 153

   THE COMMON LAW, 60

Huset v. J. I. Case & Co., 247

Hylton, Keith N., 338

Immunities, 57

   Charitable Entities, 57

   Family Members, 57

   Governmental, 189, 191

     Municipalities, 57, 69

IARC (WHO), 422

INS v. Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc., 43

Incentives

   See also Deterrence

   Correct, 339

   Cost-Effective Precautions, 112, 117

   Efficient Incentives, 117

   Incomplete Loss, Coverage Effect of, 246

   Inefficient Incentives, 115

   Inducing Due Care, 118

   Safety, 69

   Socially Valuable Projects, 116

   Tied to Outcomes, 118

   To Hire Judgment Proof Agents, 135–136

   Vicarious Liability, 114

Independent Contractors

   See Agents

Inefficiency

   See Efficiency

Information

   See Risk

Injunctions

   See Remedies, Equitable

Instrumentalism, 359

Insurance

   See also Collateral Source Rule; Damages

   Disability, 89, 108

     Long-Term, 89

     Short-Term, 90

   Duplicate Recovery, 92, 93, 97

   Enterprises, Insurance by, 82

   First-Party (Private), 82, 83, 84, 85, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 107–108

     Transfer of Tort Rights to, 84

   Health, 88, 93, 108, 350

     Medical Care, 93

   Health or Worker’s Compensation, 92

   Life, 84, 88, 102–106

     Anomalous Treatment of, 103

     Contractual Subrogation, 103

     No Equitable Rights of Subrogation, 103

   Social, 82, 83, 85, 92, 100, 106

     Non-Offset Approach, 91, 92

     Offset Approach, 91, 100–102

   Subrogation, 92, 93, 107–108

     Administrative Costs, 100, 106

     Future, 93, 94

     No-Reimbursement Rule, 97

     Waiver of Right to Future Reimbursement, 94

   Third-Party or Primary Insurance, 94

   “Tort Insurance Premium,” 101

     Income Regressive Impact, 101

   Wealthier Claimants, 101

   Worker’s Compensation or Health, 92

Italy, 419

   Epidemiologists, Italian, 412, 418, 419

   Penal Code, Reformation of, 419

   Venice Lagoon, 416

James, Fleming, Jr., 81, 299, 301

Jasanoff, Sheila, 423

Joint Liability

   See Remedies-Damages

Judiciary

   See Also Jury

   Duty, a Continuum of, 272

   Duty, as Question of Law for, 270

   Duty, Facilitating or Restraining, 271–272, 290–294

   No-Duty Rules, 270, 290, 292

   Law Making, 262, 263, 271

Jury

   See Also Judiciary, Common Law Systems

   Decision Making, 262, 291

   Law-Making Role, 266

   Scope of Liability, as Question of Fact for, 270

Justice

   See Also Corrective Justice

   Distributive, 266

Kant, Immanuel, 49, 267

King, Joseph H., 353

Laborers Local 17 v. Phillip Morris, Inc., 252, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260

   RICO, and, 254, 258

Lakatos, Imre, 422

Land Occupiers, Duty of, 56, 60, 191

   Invitees, 188

   Licensees, 188

   Reasonable Care, 188

   Trespassers, 188

Landes, William M., 371, 374

Last Clear Chance, 71

Laudan, Larry, 423

Law and Economics, 358, 395

   See Also Efficiency, Economic

   Levi, Edward, 334

Levmore, Saul, 363

Liability

   See Also Customary Law; Roman Law; Apportionment of

   Administrability, Considerations of, 192

   Automobile, 87

   Complex Designs, for, 197, 202

   Correlative Structure of, 147

   Environmental, 223–225

     Public Nuisance, 223

   Fault-Based, 187

   Governmental, Design Choices of, 218–222

     Discretionary Functions, 222

   Institutional, 201

   Judicial Competence/Expertise, 187, 196, 197, 203

   Judicial Limitations, 196

   Market Share, 355

   Mass Tort, 83

     See also Toxic Torts

   Medical Malpractice, 191, 214–218

   Passive Plaintiffs, 238

   Polycentric Considerations, 189, 192, 199

   Products

     See Products Liability

   Unilateral Accidents, 238

Lloyd, Dennis, 29

Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. M.V. Testbank, 43

Loss Distribution, 81, 83, 84, 88, 94, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106

   Insurance Pool, Restriction to, 177

   Means-Test Tort Recovery, 105

   Public and Private, 91

Luque v. McLean, 302

MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 52, 56–58, 151, 263, 266, 300

   Privity Rule, 57

Maine, Henry Sumner, 34

Makdisi, John, 363

Maryland, 300

McCarty v. Pheasant Run, Inc., 74

McGarity, Thomas O., 369

Medical Malpractice, 101

Melamed, A. Douglas, 41, 46

Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 368

Mesopotamian Law, 21–23

   Codification of Customary Law, 14

   Hammurabi, 22

   Lipit-Ishtar, 22

   Ur-Nammu, 22

Micallef v. Miehle Co., 302

Michigan, 323

Mill, John Stuart, 335

Misfeasance

   Misfeasance/Nonfeasance Distinction, 236

Misrepresentation

   Disclaimers of Liability, 257

   Negligent, 160

   Privity, 251–260

   Tobacco Advertising, 253, 256

   Health Plans as Plaintiffs, 253, 256

   Proximate Cause, 255

   Smokers, 256

   Standing, 255

   Subrogation, 254, 259

Moch v. Rensselaer Water Co., 234, 235, 236

Morality

   See Corrective Justice

Napoleonic Code, 37

National Research Council, 416

Negligence

   Doctrine, 149–153

   Injury and Risk Creation, 149

   Wrong Done and Wrong Suffered, 149

New Jersey, 58, 258

New York, 44, 299, 302

   Duty, and, 335

New York Times v. Sullivan, 55

Nonfeasance

   See Misfeasance

Norms

   See Also Early Social Groupings; United States, Efficiency Norms and

   Allocative Efficiency, 17

   Generosity, 17

   Bad, 15

   Contract Based Social Interaction, 16

   Cooperative Behavior, 19

   Economic, 16

   Good, as, 14, 15

   Knowledge, Comfort, Stability, 14

   Post-Hoc Rectification, as, 15

   Social, 14

   Social Compact, as, 15

   Status Quo Ante, 16

   Waste Avoidance, 16, 18

N.R.D.C. v. E.P.A., 416

Nuisance, 239, 240

   See Also Liability, Environmental

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., 328

Ohio, 224

Organizations

   See Agents

   Efficient Regulation of, 121

Palmer v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 301

Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co., 55, 151, 155, 156, 164, 270, 273

   See also Andrews, J.

Pareto, Vilfredo, 20

Parsons, Wes, 41

Pasley v. Freeman, 255

People Express Airlines v., 59

Consolidated Rail Corp.

Peters, J., 243, 245

Peto, Richard, 421

Philosophy, Hellenic, 26–33

   See Specific Philosphers

Pike v. Frank G. Hough Co., 300

Plato, 29, 31, 32

   Protagoras, 30

   The Republic, 30, 32

Polanyi, Karl, 18

Polinsky, A. Michael, 46, 338

Popper, Karl, 420, 422, 423

Porat, Ariel, 363

Posner, Richard A., J., 74, 338, 371, 374

Powers, William, Jr., 269

Pragmatism, Legal, 13

Preemption, 336

Privity

   See Also Contract; Tort System; Misrepresentation

   Two Senses of, 230–232

Products Liability, 54, 65, 83, 101, 189, 191, 197, 203–214, 229, 239, 297

   Category Liability, 211

   Cost-Benefit Analysis, 248, 329

   Defective Design, 206, 210, 269, 306, 307, 314

   Defective Manufacture, 307

   Defective Warnings, 208, 209, 307

   Design Choices, 189, 297

   Design Duties vs. Warnings Duties, 297, 305–312, 323–324

   Defenses, 72, 209

   Disclaimers and Limitations, 229

   Economic Loss vs. Property Damage, 242–251

   Information Liability Shield, Proposed, 297–298

     “Behavioral” Problem, 328–330

     “Bloated Agency” Problem, 330

     “Bystander” Problem, 297

     “Causation” Problem, 327

     “Fullness” Problem, 326–327

   Inherent Risks, 310

     See Also Unavoidably Unsafe Products

   Inherently Dangerous Products, 312

   Latent Risks, 310

   Patent Danger Rule, 297, 298–305

   Privity, 242

   Strict Products Liability, 242, 342

   Unavoidably Unsafe Products, 309, 311

   Warnings Duties, 307

     See Also Unavoidably Unsafe Products, Inherently Dangerous Products

     Alcohol, 309, 311, 312

     Drugs, 309, 311, 312

     Restatement History, 312–323

     Tobacco, 309, 311, 312

Preemption, 212, 336

Proportional Liability

   See Also Apportionment of Liability

   Asymmetry of, 388–392

   Errors as Producing Errors in Association, 388

   The Case Against, 385–387

Prosser, William L., 232, 245, 305, 313, 314

Protagoras, 30

Punitive Damages, 72, 336–337, 338

   See Also Remedies, Damages

   Cost-Benefit Analysis, 342

   Multiplier, Function as, 338–340, 349

   “Pinto” Case, 341, 342

   Private Attorneys General, Function as, 337–338, 349

   Proposals for, 346–350

   Recovery of Non-Recoverable Damages, Function as, 343–345, 349

   Righting Private Wrongs, Function as, 345–346, 349

   Tragic Choice, Function as, 340–343, 347, 349

Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd. v. Haynes, 289

Rabin, Robert L., 275, 277, 279

Radiation, 374

Recklessness, 71

Rectification

   See Also Corrective Justice, Justice

   Forced Taking, 16

   Transfer of Wealth, 16

   Unjust Enrichment, 16

Reductionism, 334

   Courts, and, 335

   Federal Courts, and, 335

   Supreme Court, and, 335

Regulation, ex ante, 330

   Judicial Oversight, vs., 330

Religion

   Aid/Rescue, Duty to, 25

   Covenant, Code of the, 25

   Talmud, 24

   Torah, Law of the, 24–26

   Yahweh, 24

Remedies, Damages

   See Also Damages; Punitive Damages

   Joint and Several Liability, 72, 75

   Non-Economic Loss, 72

Remedies, Equitable

   Injunctions, Environmental, 45

Responsibility

   Individual, 296

Restatement (Second) and (Third) of Torts

   See Subject Matters

Robinson, Glen O., 357

Rosenberg, David, 364

Risk, 116

   Choices, Cost-Effective, 296

   Choices, Informed, 296

   Direct Costs, 116

   Imposers, 117

   Information, 295

   Regulation of, 117

Risk Distribution, 69

Risk Information

   See Also Risk

   Availability of, 296

   Complete, 296

   Duty, and, 296, 324–326

Risk-Utility Analysis

   See Cost-Benefit Analysis

Roberts, J.M., 20

Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Flint, 44

Roman Law

   Actum Injurium

   Cicero, 34

   CICERO, ON MORAL DUTIES, 34

   Delicts, 34, 35

   Deterrence, 34

   European Law, as affecting, 404

   JUSTINIAN, INSTITUTES OF, 35

   Nuisance, Private, 35

   Trespass, 35

Roman-Dutch Law

   See Customary Law

Rosenberg, David, 359, 360–361

Rothman, Kenneth J., 384, 422

Rowland v. Christian, 56, 193

Rylands v. Fletcher, 61

Sanborn, J., 247

Saratoga Fishing Co. v. J. M. Martinac & Co., 248

Schroeder, Christopher H., 359

Schneider Nat’l, Inc. v. Holland Hitch Co., 43

Schwartz, Gary T., 191, 192, 395

Seely v. White Motors, 242, 243

Selikoff, Irving J., 377

Sept. 11, 2001 Victim

   Compensation Fund

   See Victim Compensation

   Fund, Sept. 11, 2001

Settlement, 93, 95, 99

Sharkey, Catherine M., 338

Shavell, Steven, 338

Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories, 354, 357

Smith, Jeremiah, 54, 61, 66

Smith v. Lockheed Properties., 69

Social Hosts, 60

Social Security, 350

Sociology

   Sociological Expectations, 76

Socrates, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32

   Ideal State and Ideal Man, 30

   Justice, 27

Somervell, J., 289

State Farm Mut. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 345, 346, 348

Stein, Alex, 363

Strict Liability, 239

   See Also Liability

   Blasting, 239

   Concussion, 239

   Explosives Carrier, 68

   Passive Plaintiffs, 246

Subrogation

   Full, 84

Sugarman, Steven D., 42

Supreme Court, United States, 336

   Causation, Reductionist Views of, 336

Talmud

   See Religion

Tarasoff v. Board of Regents, 52, 53

Texas, 367

Thalidomide, 372

Tobriner, J., 248

Torah

   See Religion

Tort Liability, 40

   Crudity of, 395–396

   Free Market Economy, 111, 116, 117

   Optimal Rules, 117

     Defined, 117

   Risk Imposers, 111, 116

   Strangers and Neighbors, 239

Tort Reform, 195, 350

   Statutory Intervention, as, 334

Tort System

   See Also Corrective Justice; Efficiency

   Federal Court Intervention, 335

   Direct Cost, 86

   Interaction with Contract, 237

   Multiplicity of Jurisdictions, 263

   Privity in, 237–240, 251

   Supreme Court, and, 335

   Tort-Contract Divide, 240–242

Toxic Torts, 58

   Toxic Injury, 66

Transportation Insur. Co v. Moriel, 42

Traynor, Roger, J., 52, 54, 55, 69–70, 81, 201, 202, 242, 243, 244, 245, 249, 313

Trichopoulos, Dimitrios, 421

Ultramares v. Touche Ross, 252

Ultra-Hazardous Activities

   See Strict Liability

Ultramares v. Touche, 236

Uniform Commercial Code

   See Contract

Union Oil Co. v. Oppen, 41

United States, Efficiency Norms and, 16, 40

   Corrective Justice and Economics, 41

   Judicial Adoption, 42

United States v. Carroll Towing, 72, 75

Utility

   Social Responsibility as, 296

Vandall, Frank. J., 269

Vicarious Liability, 267

   See Also Agents

Victim Compensation Fund, Sept. 11, 2001, 54, 63–65

   Fund-type recoveries, Other, 65

Victim

   Fault, 296

   Responsibility, 66

Wagon Mound (No. 1), 153–154, 155

Weinstein, Jack, J., 360

Whalen v. Union Bag & Paper Co., 45

Whitehead v. St. Joe Lead Co., 42

Workers Compensation, 53, 54, 60–63, 71, 87, 94

   As Absolute Liability, 87

Wright, Richard W., 362, 419